Impact of Consumption of Vegetable, Fruit, Grain, and High Glycemic Index Foods on Aggressive Prostate Cancer Risk

Abstract Background Prostate cancer is the second most common male cancer worldwide, but there is substantial geographical variation, suggesting a potential role for modifiable risk factors in prostate carcinogenesis. Methods We identified previously reported prostate cancer risk factors from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)’s systematic appraisal of the global evidence (2018). We assessed whether each identified risk factor was causally associated with risk of overall (79 148 cases and 61 106 controls) or aggressive (15 167 cases and 58 308 controls) prostate cancer using Mendelian randomization (MR) based on genome-wide association-study summary statistics from the PRACTICAL and GAME-ON/ELLIPSE consortia. We assessed evidence for replication in UK Biobank (7844 prostate-cancer cases and 204 001 controls). Results WCRF identified 57 potential risk factors, of which 22 could be instrumented for MR analyses using single nucleotide polymorphisms. For overall prostate cancer, we identified evidence compatible with causality for the following risk factors (odds ratio [OR] per standard deviation increase; 95% confidence interval): accelerometer-measured physical activity, OR = 0.49 (0.33–0.72; P = 0.0003); serum iron, OR = 0.92 (0.86–0.98; P = 0.007); body mass index (BMI), OR = 0.90 (0.84–0.97; P = 0.003); and monounsaturated fat, OR = 1.11 (1.02–1.20; P = 0.02). Findings in our replication analyses in UK Biobank were compatible with our main analyses (albeit with wide confidence intervals). In MR analysis, height was positively associated with aggressive-prostate-cancer risk: OR = 1.07 (1.01–1.15; P = 0.03). Conclusions The results for physical activity, serum iron, BMI, monounsaturated fat and height are compatible with causality for prostate cancer. The results suggest that interventions aimed at increasing physical activity may reduce prostate-cancer risk, although interventions to change other risk factors may have negative consequences on other diseases.

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Testosterone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Favorable and Aggressive Prostate Cancer

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2016.69.5304 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (13) ◽

pp. 1430-1436 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Stacy Loeb ◽

Yasin Folkvaljon ◽

Jan-Erik Damber ◽

Joseph Alukal ◽

Mats Lambe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Prostate Cancer Risk ◽

Testosterone Replacement ◽

Testosterone Replacement Therapy ◽

Aggressive Prostate Cancer ◽

Risk Prostate Cancer

Purpose The association between exposure to testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and prostate cancer risk is controversial. The objective was to examine this association through nationwide, population-based registry data. Methods We performed a nested case-control study in the National Prostate Cancer Register of Sweden, which includes all 38,570 prostate cancer cases diagnosed from 2009 to 2012, and 192,838 age-matched men free of prostate cancer. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to examine associations between TRT and risk of prostate cancer (overall, favorable, and aggressive). Results Two hundred eighty-four patients with prostate cancer (1%) and 1,378 control cases (1%) filled prescriptions for TRT. In multivariable analysis, no association was found between TRT and overall prostate cancer risk (odds ratio [OR], 1.03; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.17). However, patients who received TRT had more favorable-risk prostate cancer (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.56) and a lower risk of aggressive prostate cancer (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.67). The increase in favorable-risk prostate cancer was already observed within the first year of TRT (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.10 to 2.34), whereas the lower risk of aggressive disease was observed after > 1 year of TRT (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.61). After adjusting for previous biopsy findings as an indicator of diagnostic activity, TRT remained significantly associated with more favorable-risk prostate cancer and lower risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Conclusion The early increase in favorable-risk prostate cancer among patients who received TRT suggests a detection bias, whereas the decrease in risk of aggressive prostate cancer is a novel finding that warrants further investigation.

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PD31-11 CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE, GLYCEMIC INDEX AND PROSTATE CANCER RISK

The Journal of Urology ◽

10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.2270 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 191 (4S) ◽

Author(s):

Adriana C. Vidal ◽

Christina Williams ◽

Emma H. Allott ◽

Lauren E. Howard ◽

Delores J. Grant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Glycemic Index ◽

Prostate Cancer Risk ◽

Carbohydrate Intake

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Low-Activity V89L Variant in SRD5A2 Is Associated with Aggressive Prostate Cancer Risk: An Explanation for the Adverse Effects Observed in Chemoprevention Trials Using 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors

European Urology ◽

10.1016/j.eururo.2007.04.008 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 1082-1089 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Olivier Cussenot ◽

Abdel-Rahmène Azzouzi ◽

Nathalie Nicolaiew ◽

Philippe Mangin ◽

Luc Cormier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Prostate Cancer Risk ◽

Aggressive Prostate Cancer ◽

Reductase Inhibitors ◽

5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitors ◽

Low Activity

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Abstract 2826: Carbohydrate intake, glycemic load, and glycemic index and prostate cancer risk

10.1158/1538-7445.am10-2826 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Christina D. Williams ◽

Brian Whitley ◽

Cathrine Hoyo ◽

Delores Grant ◽

Jared Iraggi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Glycemic Index ◽

Glycemic Load ◽

Prostate Cancer Risk ◽

Carbohydrate Intake

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Pathogenic Variants in Cancer Predisposition Genes and Prostate Cancer Risk in Men of African Ancestry

JCO Precision Oncology ◽

10.1200/po.19.00179 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 32-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marco Matejcic ◽

Yesha Patel ◽

Jenna Lilyquist ◽

Chunling Hu ◽

Kun Y. Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Dna Repair ◽

African American ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

African Ancestry ◽

Prostate Cancer Risk ◽

Aggressive Prostate Cancer ◽

Aggressive Disease ◽

Pathogenic Variants ◽

Predisposition Genes

PURPOSE In studies of men of European ancestry, rare pathogenic variants in DNA repair pathway genes have been shown to be associated with risk of aggressive prostate cancer. The contribution of rare coding variation to prostate cancer risk in men of African ancestry has not been established. METHODS We sequenced a panel of 19 DNA repair and cancer predisposition genes in 2,453 African American and 1,151 Ugandan cases and controls with prostate cancer. Rare variants were classified as pathogenic or putatively functionally disruptive and examined in association with prostate cancer risk and disease aggressiveness in gene and pathway-level association analyses. RESULTS Pathogenic variants were found in 75 of 2,098 cases (3.6%) and 31 of 1,481 controls (2.1%; odds ratio [OR], 1.82; 95% CI, 1.19 to 2.79; P = .0044), with the association being stronger for more aggressive disease phenotypes (OR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.54 to 6.23; P = .0022). The highest risks for aggressive disease were observed with pathogenic variants in the ATM, BRCA2, PALB2, and NBN genes, with ORs ranging from approximately 4 to 15 in the combined study sample of African American and Ugandan men. Rare, nonpathogenic, nonsynonymous variants did not have a major impact on risk of overall prostate cancer or disease aggressiveness. CONCLUSION Rare pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes have appreciable effects on risk of aggressive prostate cancer in men of African ancestry. These findings have potential implications for panel testing and risk stratification in this high-risk population.

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