The Relative Efficacy of Different forms of Knowledge of Results for the Learning of a New Relative Timing Pattern

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique De Jaeger ◽  
Luc Proteau
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Relative Efficacy ◽  
Relative Timing ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Timing Pattern ◽  
Verbal Knowledge ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge ◽  
Effective Source

The goal of the present study was to determine the relative efficacy of verbal and auditory knowledge of results for promoting learning of a new constrained relative timing pattern. In a series of four experiments we compared the efficiency of verbal knowledge of results to that of auditory knowledge of results. The results of all four experiments revealed that verbal knowledge of result is a very effective source of information to promote learning of a new imposed relative timing pattern. Auditory knowledge of results favoured learning of a new relative timing pattern in a very limited set of circumstances. In the present study, this was only the case when movement velocity remained constant from one segment of the task to the next and if it resulted in an unfamiliar temporal pattern. The results of all four experiments also provided evidence that movement parameterization and relative timing are independent processes that can be developed in parallel.

The Effect of Erroneous Knowledge of Results on Skill Acquisition when Augmented Information is Redundant

1992 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martinus J. A. Buekers ◽  
Richard A. Magill ◽  
Kellie G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Retention Performance ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Timing Task ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
Verbal Knowledge ◽  
Source Of Information

Even though it can be shown that verbal knowledge of results (KR) is redundant with sensory feedback for learning certain motor skills, such findings do not eliminate the possibility that when KR is available it influences underlying learning processes. In order to examine the function of KR more closely, two experiments were designed in which the subjects received conflicting information about their own sensory feedback and the KR presented by the experimenter. In Experiment 1, two erroneous-KR groups, a correct-KR group, and a no-KR group performed 150 practice trials on a simple anticipation timing task and then performed three no-KR retention tests of 30 trials each following intervals of 10 minutes, 1 week, and 1 month. The results supported previous findings that providing correct KR is redundant in anticipation tasks. However, learning was influenced by KR as subjects performed according to the erroneous KR information, thereby ignoring their sensory feedback even after a 1-month interval. In Experiment 2, subjects practised a more complex striking response for the anticipation task for 75 trials and then performed no-KR retention trials either immediately, or 1 day or 1 week later. One of the groups received erroneous KR after 50 practice trials with correct KR. The results confirmed and extended those from Experiment 1, as erroneous KR, even after initial practice with correct KR, influenced retention performance. These results indicate that although KR provides information that is not needed to learn anticipation timing skills, this augmented verbal information is a dominant source of information that influences underlying cognitive processes involved in learning motor skills.

The Effects of Visual and Proprioceptive Feedback on Motor Learning

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack A. Adams ◽  
Daniel Gopher ◽  
Gavan Lintern
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Motor Program ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Proprioceptive Feedback ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Effective Source

A self paced linear positioning task was used to study the effects of visual and proprioceptive feedback on learning and performance. Subjects were trained with knowledge of results (KR) and tested without it. The analysis of the absolute error scores of the no-KR trials is discussed in this paper. Visual feedback was the more effective source of sensory feedback, but proprioceptive feedback was also effective. An observation that the response did not become independent of sensory feedback as a result of learning, was interpreted as supporting Adams closed loop theory of motor learning in preference to the motor program hypothesis. Other data showed that the presence of visual feedback during learning could inhibit the later effectiveness of proprioceptive feedback.

Effects of Head-Tilt and Practice on Perception of Visual Direction without Visible Spatial Framework

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Ware
Keyword(s):  
Head Tilt ◽  
Practice Effect ◽  
Visual Direction ◽  
Perceptual Accuracy ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Spatial Framework ◽  
Darkened Room ◽  
Verbal Knowledge ◽  
The Right

A series of 3 experiments concerned with the perception of visual direction was conducted using a single adjustable luminous rod in a completely darkened room. In Exp. I, perceptual accuracies of primary (vertical and horizontal) and intermediate (all other directions) visual directions were compared. Accuracy for primary directions was significantly better ( t = 10.73, p < .001). Head-tilts of 5°, 10°, 20°, and 30° to the right and left of 0° in Exp. II did not significantly affect the perceptual accuracy, but perceptual accuracy differed significantly between primary and intermediate directions ( F = 182.11, p < .001). The introduction of non-verbal knowledge of results in Exp. III yielded little improvement in the perceptual accuracy of intermediate visual direction, but a significant practice effect was found. The results were discussed in terms of previous research and suggestions for further research were outlined.

Verbal knowledge of results as redundant information for learning an anticipation timing skill

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Magill ◽  
Craig J. Chamberlin ◽  
Kellie G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Redundant Information ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Verbal Knowledge

Temporal Pattern of Agonist-Antagonist EMG Activity during Rapid Limb Movements in Man

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 933-934
Author(s):  
Jay H. Williams ◽  
William S. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Limb Movements ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
Positive Correlations

Analysis of elbow-extension movements, executed at maximal velocity, show positive correlations of timing of agonist-antagonist EMG activity with both movement velocity and displacement. Results indirectly support the notion that the antagonist musculature provides a braking force to arrest rapid limb movements.

Control of sequential movements: evidence for generalized motor programs

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 787-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Carter ◽  
D. C. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Relative Timing ◽  
Motor Programs ◽  
Pronator Teres ◽  
Movement Sequence ◽  
Total Movement ◽  
Total Movement Time

The neuromotor processes underlying the control of rapid sequential limb movements were investigated. Subjects learned to pronate and supinate their forearms rapidly to four target locations in a specific spatio-temporal pattern under two movement-time conditions. The response sequence was first performed in a total movement time of 600 ms. Subjects were then told to produce the movement as quickly as possible while ignoring any timing pattern that they had previously learned. Electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded from the biceps brachii and pronator teres muscles. Kinematic and EMG analyses were performed to investigate the temporal characteristics underlying the two movement-time conditions. When subjects produced the response as quickly as possible, average movement time to perform each reversal movement decreased while average peak velocity increased. Average total movement time was reduced by approximately 100 ms. Although movement time decreased, the proportion of total time to perform each movement of the sequence remained essentially invariant between movement-time conditions. Similar results were obtained for velocity. The time at which peak velocity was achieved occurred earlier in absolute time, although when normalized to the proportion of total movement time, the time to reach peak velocity was also invariant. Thus subjects proportionally compressed the entire movement sequence in time. The EMG analysis demonstrated that total EMG time decreased 89 ms on the average when subjects sped up the movement sequence. Thus average burst durations for both the biceps and pronator teres muscles decreased when movement speed increased. When burst durations were normalized to a proportion of total EMG time, the average proportion of time each muscle was active remained invariant. Therefore, the temporal pattern of activity for the biceps and pronator teres muscles were also proportionally compressed. The present experiment provided additional evidence for the structure of generalized motor programs consisting of invariant and variant features. Movement speed was considered a variant feature, which is specified each time the program is executed. Relative timing, the proportion of total time to produce each segment of the response, was considered to be an invariant feature and inherent in the structure of the motor program. Support for the invariance of relative timing was observed at both the kinematic and neuromuscular levels of analyses. Alternative models (9-11, 24) were found inadequate to account for the invariance of relative timing with the variation in movement time observed in the present experiment.

scholarly journals Mobile data usage in urban transport research

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-33
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Tregubov
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Population Coverage ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Data Usage ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Effective Source

The article contains a review of technologies for using the information provided by mobile operators in creating a transport survey and studying patterns of travel behavior. The literature review shows the widespread of using mobile communications as an effective source of information in terms of population coverage and data availability. In article described the domestic experience of using this information in custom information systems and presented the author's system of city transport survey.

The Effect of Texture Relief on Perception of Slant from Texture

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5012 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Projected Image ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Effective Source ◽  
The Way

Texture can be an effective source of information for perception of slant and curvature. A computational assumption required for some texture cues is that texture must be flat along a surface. There are many textures which violate this assumption, and have some sort of texture relief: variations perpendicular to the surface. Some examples include grass, which has vertical elements, or scattered rocks, which are volumetric elements with 3-D shapes. Previous studies of perception of slant from texture have not addressed the case of textures with relief. The experiments reported here test judgments of slant for textures with various types of relief, including textures composed of bumps, columns, and oriented elements. The presence of texture relief was found to affect judgments, indicating that perception of slant from texture is not robust to violations of the flat-texture assumption. For bumps and oriented elements, slant was underestimated relative to matching flat textures, while for columns textures, which had visible flat top faces, perceived slant was equal or greater than for flat textures. The differences can be explained by the way different types of texture relief affect the amount of optical compression in the projected image, which would be consistent with results from previous experiments using cue conflicts in flat textures. These results provide further evidence that compression contributes to perception of slant from texture.

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