Legalization of Bride measure to detect talented children in kindergarten in Damascus governorate: تقنين مقياس برايد PRIDE للكشف عن الأطفال الموهوبين بمرحلة الروضة بمحافظة دمشق

This research aims to identify the methods of detection and diagnosis of gifted children in pre-school stage, where a modified Syrian image was developed on the BRIDE scale for the detection of gifted in pre-school stage, with indications of validity, stability, and effectiveness of the Syrian environment paragraphs. The process of preparing the scale included a number of stages and procedures, represented in preparing an image of the scale and reviewing it by a number of arbitrators in the Department of Special Education and Educational and Psychological Measurement and Evaluation, and then applying that image to a sample of 100 boys and girls representing a number of kindergartens in Damascus governorate. Then, the data resulting from the application process was analyzed, and indications were reached about the discriminatory honesty, as it was found that there is a difference in favor of the first group (higher) whose average is greater, and this indicates that the scale is characterized by a discriminatory ability in favor of the higher group in the total score of the scale, The validity of the inter-correlations was studied and it was found that most of the correlations of the items of the scale are significant at the significance level (0.01) and the significance level (0.05), and the spoken honesty was studied with the significance of another criterion, which is the Stanford test, which shows the fifth standardized picture on the Syrian environment and fig. The values ​​of the correlation of the verbal knowledge test with the domains of the Pride scale and its total score ranged between (0.819-0.387), while we notice the correlation values ​​with the matrix test (0.836-0.318). As for the indicators of scale stability, it was calculated in two ways, namely, the repeat method (0.915) and the half-segment method (0.892).

The Solomon Islands Smartphone Today

Smartphones are everywhere from the urban jungles of Tokyo (Ito, Okabe and Matsuda 2006) to the jungles of Solomon Islands (Hobbis 2020), the focus of this essay. In this set of small islands in the southwestern Pacific, over 80 percent of the population continue to live as largely rural subsistence horticulturalists and fisherfolk. Despite their global prevalence, use of smartphones varies and “particular cultures can foster different patterns of use” (Tenhunen 2018, 5). In different places smartphones are distinctly entangled with material cultures and techniques, skills, and systems of verbal and non-verbal knowledge, including knowledge on how to obtain, use, maintain and discard them. The combination of global ubiquity and differentiated practices means smartphone use necessitates in-depth ethnographic study.

TERMS OF THE MENTAL LEXICON IN THE PROFESSIONAL AVIATION LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS

The present paper establishes the possibility of presenting the mental lexicon of a technical translator in the form of a classification frame that structures the terminological composition of scientific and technical language in the translation consciousness during the cognition of aviation reality. It is stated that the terms, which are the main means of fixation, accumulation and transfer of scientific knowledge, become the object of cognitive activity of the translator, who performs cognitive work on their accumulation and structuring in their own mental space to operate them during translation, which emphasizes the heuristic nature translation activities. At the same time, the linguistic component of the mental lexicon allows us to consider its structure, starting from the language itself. The paper attempts to present a mental lexicon within the framework of scientific and technical translation in the form of a set of frames that arrange the terminological structure of language in the mind of the translator as they learn the aviation reality. It is noted that in this case the main task is to show the possibilities of the frame in terms of accumulating and structuring the verbal knowledge about a particular aviation phenomenon or process, in English and Ukrainian with simultaneous identification of interlanguage equivalents.

Why is Children’s Time in Less-Structured Activities Associated with Executive Function? A Study of Children at Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Time in less-structured activities is associated with children’s developing executive function, but it is unclear why. Prior research suggests less-structured time specifically benefits self-directed executive function, by allowing children to practice making choices. We tested another hypothesis: that less-structured time also benefits externally-cued executive function, which develops earlier than self-directed executive function, theorizing that less-structured time can provide children with opportunities to acquire knowledge that supports emerging control skills. Caregivers of 93 3- to 5-year-olds reported their child’s activities on a typical day at home during the COVID-19 pandemic, and children completed a widely-used cued executive function task, the Dimensional Change Card Sort. Time and variety in less-structured activities predicted successful switching on the card sort, controlling for age, family income, caregiver education, and verbal knowledge. Caregivers were more involved in less-structured versus structured activities. Children’s temperament, as rated by caregivers, predicted how they spent their time. Findings provide a more nuanced picture of how less-structured time and executive function are related, consistent with less-structured time affording opportunities for children, particularly those higher in effortful control, to acquire diverse knowledge that supports engaging control in various ways.

Intellectual Profiles of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Objective: Intelligence profile with age and gender differentials analysis and identification of a battery of subscales of intelligence are important for clinical management of ASD problems among children as well as in facilitating placement for remedial and educational services. Hence, this study aims to explore the intelligence quotient (IQ) profile among children with ASD and identify the most important subscales that predict the IQ. Method: The study is based on data collected through an exploratory study of 100 children aged between 3 and 13 years, who were referred to the department of child health and development in a tertiary hospital in Oman between June 2016 - June 2019. Results: Among the participants of this study, 79% were males, resulting in a male: female ratio of 4:1. The mean of full-scale IQ was found to be 68.58±18. The mean of non-verbal IQ (73.5±17.5) was significantly higher than the mean of verbal IQ (65.46±17.6). More than half (61%) of the children were observed to have mild to moderate impairment in IQ level. Conclusion: Age and gender showed no significant association with intelligence level. Regression analysis identified non-verbal fluid reasoning, non-verbal visual-spatial processing, non-verbal working memory and verbal knowledge as the significant predictors of total IQ. The significant dimensions of verbal and non-verbal IQ identified in this study can be used to evaluate difficult cases. Keywords: Autism, Oman, Intellectual profile, prediction

Cognitive underpinnings of multidimensional Japanese literacy and its impact on higher-level language skills

This study aimed to identify the cognitive underpinnings of Japanese kanji abilities and clarify the contributions of kanji acquisition to the development of higher-level language skills based on a three-dimensional view of kanji abilities encompassing reading accuracy, writing accuracy, and semantic comprehension. First, a series of regression analyses was used to identify the multifactorial models of each dimension of Japanese kanji acquisition. These models suggest that, among basic cognitive skills, naming speed, visuospatial processing, and syntactic processing underpin kanji abilities in a dimension-specific manner, whereas phonological processing is a common factor. Second, although all the dimensions of kanji abilities predicted acquired verbal knowledge equally, writing skills on the text level, measured as idea density, were only predicted by the writing dimension (indirectly via acquired knowledge). Our findings represent the first evidence of the dimension-specific relationships of the three dimensions of Japanese kanji abilities with their cognitive predictors, as well as with higher-level language skills. They suggest the importance of handwriting acquisition during school years for the development of language skills through to adulthood. Finally, taking the seminal “Nun study,” which suggests that higher idea density is protective against dementia, into account, we propose a theoretical framework for the lifelong trajectory of literacy acquisition.

Domain-general conflict monitoring predicts neural and behavioral indices of linguistic error processing during reading comprehension

The ability to detect and respond to linguistic errors is critical for successful reading comprehension, but these skills can vary considerably across readers. In the current study, healthy adults (age 18-35) read short discourse scenarios for comprehension while monitoring for the presence of semantic anomalies. Using a factor analytic approach, we examined if performance in non-linguistic conflict monitoring tasks (Stroop, AX-CPT) would predict individual differences in neural and behavioral measures of linguistic error processing. Consistent with our hypothesis, domain-general conflict monitoring predicted both readers’ end-of-trial acceptability judgments and the amplitude of a late neural response (the P600) evoked by linguistic anomalies. Interestingly, the influence on the P600 was non-linear, suggesting that online neural responses to linguistic errors are influenced by both the effectiveness and efficiency of domain-general conflict monitoring. These relationships were also highly specific and remained after controlling for variability in working memory capacity and verbal knowledge. Finally, we found that domain-general conflict monitoring also predicted individual variability in measures of reading comprehension, and that this relationship was partially mediated by behavioral measures of linguistic error detection. These findings inform our understanding of the role of domain-general executive functions in reading comprehension, with potential implications for the diagnosis and treatment of language impairments.

Characteristics of Self-Defining Memories in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Background: Self-Defining Memories (SDMs) are a specific type of autobiographical memory, and that plays a key role in the construction of personal identity. Objective: We investigated the characteristics of SDMs in elderly subjects. The originality of the present study is to compare our elderly group to middle-aged subjects instead of young adults, as previously reported in the literature to understand the age-related modifications in SDMs. Method: We recruited 41 elderly subjects with normal cognitive functioning and 37 middle-aged adults. They were matched for education level and verbal knowledge. Result: Older participants recalled the same number of specific memories than middle-aged participants. SDMs were predominantly constituted of episodic characteristics, with specific details, in both groups. However, middle-aged subjects gave more integrative meaning of SDMs and more redemptive events than older participants. The two samples differed for three content dimensions (exploration/recreation, relationship contents, and not classifiable). As predicted, older participants reported memories that were more positive, on average, than the middle-aged participants’ memories. Conclusion: Our study added some contributions to the understanding of the consequences of aging on the self. Future research should explore the continuity of SDMs characteristics across the lifespan.

Classification Approac to Management of Polythematic Knowledge

This paper gives a brief description of the being created system of information support for innovation activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is built as an information portal, that provides navigation in the national and global information space through the provision of metadata about information resources, relevant to the user’s task. The corporate knowledge management system is considered as a component of the information infrastructure for supporting innovation. An approach to the management of polythematic knowledge is proposed, envisaging the representation of knowledge, based on the use of classification type languages. In this case, a thematic rubricator is introduced into the ontology model instead of a thesaurus, where each category (rubric) has its own code, name and set of keywords, characterizing its thematic content. The proposed joint use of thematic rubrics of Russian State rubricator of scientific-engineering information and All-Russian institute of scientific and engineering information allows increase the degree of accuracy of the knowledge presentation, as well as take advantage of establishing the associative relations between different classification systems. Along with this, there is maintained the possibility of a verbal knowledge description in terms of keywords, characterizing the content of subject entries and words from the rubrics titles.