This chapter examines which patterns of victimization are universal and shared by many groups and in multiple contexts and which are more unique to groups or contexts. The chapter distinguishes among base rates (i.e., the prevalence of victimization types) and structures of victimization. It suggests that although base rates of victimization types may vary significantly among different contexts, structural patterns may be much more similar across contexts. The chapter suggests that are multiple ways to address structures of victimization. For example, will the prevalence of being humiliated by a peer always be higher than being pushed or shoved? Are verbal and physical types of victimization correlated in the same ways in different countries? Will latent class analyses reveal the same profiles of students in different countries? cultures? Are poverty, sexual minority status, school climate, and teacher support associated with victimization in the same way in different countries?
