Perceived vs measured water supply service: evidence from New Zealand

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Anna Robak
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Measured Water

scholarly journals Modeling of trihalomethane compounds formation in Baghdad water supply network

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-144
Author(s):  
Salam Ewaid ◽  
Salwan Abed ◽  
Nadhir Al-Ansari ◽  
Bassam Al-Farhani
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Water Supply Network ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Measured Water ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Dependent Factor

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of four trihalomethane compounds (THMs) in raw, treated, and drinking water of seven water purification plants and the residential neighborhoods nearby in Baghdad. About 350 samples gathered between January and October 2017 and analyzed by the gas chromatography method. Results showed that THM annual levels in tap water ranged between 12 and 97.3 μg·l–1 in winter and summer consecutively, with a mean concentration of 60 μg·l–1, these concentrations did not exceed the level recommended by the WHO and the Iraqi standards. Statistical modeling by SPSS software for the formation of THM (the dependent factor) in the water supply network was undertaken using the measured water quality parameters (as independent factors) and utilizing multiple regression analysis. The model obtained has a high correlation (r = 0.842) and approved that the most affecting parameters on THM formation are total organic carbon, temperature, turbidity, total solids, and chlorine dose. The model that was derived may be used for the purposes of choosing appropriate THM-reduction procedures and the use of chlorine for improving the method of disinfection.

A Decision-Support Algorithm for Post-Earthquake Water Services Recovery and Its Application to the 22 February 2011 Mw6.2 Christchurch Earthquake

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 1397-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Bellagamba ◽  
Brendon A. Bradley ◽  
Liam M. Wotherspoon ◽  
Walter D. Lagrava
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Pipe Inspection ◽  
Water Supply Network ◽  
Infrastructure Resilience ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Seismic Resilience

As the cost of lifeline disruption rises with the size and complexity of urban communities, increasing efforts are put into enhancing infrastructure resilience to natural disasters. Aiming to improve the understanding of water supply network seismic resilience, this paper examines in detail the initial performance and restoration of the water supply network following the 22 February 2011 Mw6.2 Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake. In addition, a method to optimize the recovery of such systems is developed in two phases: the prioritization of pipe inspection and prioritization of pipe repairs. The results inferred from the observed pipe repairs suggest that the recovery was carried out efficiently; however, applying the proposed methodology would have substantially improved the recovery of the system with a 30% reduction in the number of buildings deprived of water in the first two days. Assumptions and limitations of the modeling are also discussed and practical solutions given to apply this framework in real-time for post-earthquake restoration.

Probabilistic Modeling of Post-Earthquake Fire in Wellington, New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Cousins ◽  
Geoff Thomas ◽  
Dave Heron ◽  
Warwick Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Probabilistic Modeling ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Synthetic Catalog

Wellington, the capital of New Zealand, has both high seismic and high post-earthquake fire risk because it straddles the highly active Wellington Fault, has many closely spaced wooden buildings, and has a fragile water supply system. Repeated modeling of a Wellington Fault earthquake showed that the distribution of fire losses was much broader than that of the shaking losses, so that while fire losses were usually much smaller than the preceding shaking losses, they could occasionally be much greater than the shaking losses. Probabilistic modeling using a synthetic catalog of earthquakes gave estimates of post-earthquake fire losses in Wellington that were relatively minor for return periods up to 1,000 years, equal to the shaking losses at about a 1,400-year level, and that dominated the losses for 2,000-year and longer return periods.

scholarly journals Gastroenteritis Outbreak Caused by Waterborne Norovirus at a New Zealand Ski Resort

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (24) ◽  
pp. 7853-7857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Hewitt ◽  
Derek Bell ◽  
Greg C. Simmons ◽  
Malet Rivera-Aban ◽  
Sandro Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Gastroenteritis Outbreak ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Ski Resort

ABSTRACT In July 2006, public health services investigated an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among staff and visitors of a popular ski resort in southern New Zealand. The source of the outbreak was a drinking water supply contaminated by human sewage. The virological component of the investigation played a major role in confirming the source of the outbreak. Drinking water, source stream water, and 31 fecal specimens from gastroenteritis outbreak cases were analyzed for the presence of norovirus (NoV). Water samples were concentrated by ultrafiltration, and real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was used for rapid detection of NoV from both water and fecal samples. The implicated NoV strain was further characterized by DNA sequencing. NoV genogroup GI/5 was identified in water samples and linked case fecal specimens, providing clear evidence of the predominant pathogen and route of exposure. A retrospective cohort study demonstrated that staff who consumed drinking water from the resort supply were twice as likely to have gastroenteritis than those who did not. This is the first time that an outbreak of gastroenteritis in New Zealand has been conclusively linked to NoV detected in a community water supply. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of ultrafiltration combined with quantitative real-time RT-PCR and DNA sequencing for investigation of a waterborne NoV outbreak.

scholarly journals A waterborne outbreak of campylobacteriosis in the South Island of New Zealand due to a failure to implement a multi-barrier approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Bartholomew ◽  
Cheryl Brunton ◽  
Peter Mitchell ◽  
Judy Williamson ◽  
Brent Gilpin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
The South ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rural Town ◽  
Quality Of Water

Outbreaks of waterborne gastroenteritis continue to occur in developed countries. Darfield, a rural town in the South Island of New Zealand experienced an outbreak of campylobacteriosis following a transgression of Escherichia coli on 16 August 2012. A descriptive outbreak investigation was performed. As a result, 29 cases had a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of campylobacteriosis and 138 were identified as probable cases. Heavy rains, contamination of water with animal effluent from nearby paddocks and failures in the treatment of drinking water led to pathogens being distributed through the town's water supply. A multi-barrier approach is advocated to ensure the quality of water and many countries have legislation or programmes to address this. Although legislation for water safety plans based on a multi-barrier approach is in place in New Zealand, at the time of the outbreak it was not a requirement for the Darfield water supply. In addition, despite the awareness of the importance of a multi-barrier approach, competing interests, including those from the agricultural industry and financial restraints on water suppliers, can prevent it from being implemented. Governments need to be more willing to enforce legislation and standards to protect the public from waterborne disease.

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