The double life cycle ofLepidapion argentatum, a promising candidate for the biological control of French Broom.

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 773-785
Author(s):  
E. Kerdellant ◽  
Th. Thomann ◽  
J. Vitou ◽  
C. Giusto ◽  
O. Simonot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
French Broom

scholarly journals Development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on larva of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Lacerda ◽  
A. M. R. M. Ferreira ◽  
T. V. Zanuncio ◽  
J. C. Zanuncio ◽  
A. S. Bernardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae ◽  
Bombyx Mori L ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Biological control has been reducing the use of chemical products against insect pests, specially predatory Pentatomidae. Species of this group can present high variations in their life cycle as a result of their diet. Thus, the objective of this research was to study nymph development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Stäl, 1860) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae (T1), compared to those fed on Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (T2) and Musca domestica L., 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae (T3) at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5ºC, relative humidity of 70 ± 2%, and photophase of 12 h. Predators fed on B. mori showed duration of the nymph phase (18.68 ± 1.02) similar to those fed on T. molitor (18.32 ± 1.49). Pre-oviposition and oviposition periods and number of egg masses, besides eggs and nymphs per female, were higher with B. mori (5.83 ± 2.02; 15.00 ± 7.40; 8.42 ± 1.84; 296.69 ± 154.75; and 228.55 ± 141.04, respectively) while longevity of males and females of P. distinctus was 25.76 ± 16.15 and 35.00 ± 16.15 days with T. molitor, and 20.57 ± 13.60 and 23.46 ± 12.35 days with B. mori, respectively.

Studies on Theocolax formiciformis Westw. (Hym., Pteromalidae), a parasite of Anobium punctatum (Deg.) (Col., Anobiidae)

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Wood Surface ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity ◽  
Anobium Punctatum

A description is given of the life-cycle in Britain of Theocolax formiciformis Westw. (Pteromalidae), a parasite of Anobium punctatum (Deg.) (Anobiidae). Adults emerge from infested wood in large numbers from April to June. Eggs are laid through the wood surface and use was made of this habit as a means of rearing this parasite under observation in the laboratory. Anobium larvae were placed individually in channels gouged in the surface of 3-inch squares of plywood. They were covered with tracing paper and the parasites were caged on this by means of a glass ring covered with a glass plate. Development from egg to adult at 22 and 25°C., and 75 per cent, relative humidity, averaged about five and six weeks, respectively, compared with 12 weeks outdoors in summer. The number of progeny per female was highest (approximately five) at 22°C., at which the ratio of males to females was 1:3. Only about one per cent, of the adults reared were winged. The use of Theocolax as a biological-control agent is not considered practical.

scholarly journals Reproduction of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in Eggs of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) of Different Ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Eduardo Carvalho Faca ◽  
Fabrício Fagundes Pereira ◽  
Winnie Cezario Fernandes ◽  
Ivana Fernandes da Silva ◽  
Valmir Antônio Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Nezara Viridula ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Breeding Methodology ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

The study of the interaction between parasitoid and host, especially the age of these organisms, is an important step towards the implementation of biological control programs. Therefore, we investigated the performance of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitizing eggs of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), considering different ages of the parasitoids and the host. We performed four laboratory bioassays: two using females of O. submetallicus and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, or 144 hours of age exposed to parasitism in N. viridula eggs (24 h) and two trials with N. viridula eggs at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, or 144 hours exposed to the parasitism of O. submetallicus and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi (24 h). We evaluated the percentage of parasitism and emergence, life cycle length, progeny, sex ratio, and the longevity of the parasitoids. The parasitism of O. submetallicus in N. viridula eggs was influenced by the age of the parasitoid, 120 hours being the minimum to obtain better parasitism. From this age on, there is interference in the longevity of the progeny. Trisolcus sp. aff. urichi, at all ages, parasitized N. viridula eggs relatively well, but with almost no emergence of the parasitized eggs. Females of O. submetallicus parasitized and developed in eggs of N. viridula of all ages. Females of Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi parasitized their host, but there was barely any emergence. These pieces of information regarding the breeding methodology contribute to the implementation of new protocols for the multiplication of these parasitoids in the laboratory, and later, their release in the field.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the rust fungus Puccinia rapipes for biological control of Lycium ferocissimum (African boxthorn) in Australia: Life cycle, taxonomy and pathogenicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (11) ◽  
pp. 811-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kylie B. Ireland ◽  
Gavin C. Hunter ◽  
Alan Wood ◽  
Caroline Delaisse ◽  
Louise Morin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Rust Fungus

The Bionomics of an African Megarhinus (Dipt., Culicidae) and its possible use in Biological Control

1951 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Muspratt
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Annual Range

Living specimens of Megarhinus brevipalpis were transported from southern Natal to Johannesburg to establish an insectary-bred colony. The natural habitat of these predatory mosquitos consisted of small isolated patches of sub-tropical forest, in which the rainfall is 40–50 ins. (102–127 cm.) with a mean winter temperature of 64°F. (17·7°C.) and an annual range of 27°–33°F. (15°–18°C). The breeding places were leaf axils of Strelitzia nicolai (a plant resembling a wild banana), small rot holes in trees and larger ones in Strelitzia stumps. The larvae were collected from leaf axils with an apparatus consisting of a rubber bulb to which were attached lengths of glass and rubber tubing.The insectary was a room 9 ft.×8 ft. 6 ins. and 9 ft. high which was kept at tropical heat and humidity. Mating of the adults was observed, copulation being effected while at rest or in flight. Oviposition was usually accomplished in flight but also while at rest on the surface of the water. In the summer time two females, which were tested, laid about 85 eggs each during the month following emergence from the pupa, six or seven days elapsing after emergence before the first oviposition. In the middle of the winter, oviposition (with later generations) became very irregular in spite of the temperature and humidity remaining constant. The adults, which were comparable to those of the natural habitat, were fed on sugar solution, honey and fruit juice. One bred out as a gynandromorph.When given an abundant supply of larvae of laboratory bred Aëdes aegypti, the life-cycle of M. brevipalpis was normally : egg (incubation), less than two days ; larva, 11–20 days (average 14·5 days) ; pupa, five days. This does not include a small number of exceptional cases in which the life as a fully grown larva was abnormally prolonged (in one case nearly four months) for reasons which are not absolutely clear. The larvae killed from 100 to 200 or more Aëdes larvae during the normal larval life, but many of these were not eaten when the brevipalpis were in the late fourth instar. By a special technique they were also induced to eat dead tissues including minced pork brawn, minced maggots and minced flies. Except for the latter these were not satisfactory foods although there was slow development.Fourth-instar larvae were kept out of water for three to four weeks (without food), in a damp atmosphere, and afterwards when fed most of them developed normally, but pupation was sometimes suspended for a considerable time. They have been sent by post (out of water) in tubes with damp cotton wool and filter paper.The egg differed from that of other Megarhinus species in having a crown of projections at one end with a cup-like structure in the centre. The exochorion had roughly hexagonal cells but without numerous tubercles as in other species.First-instar larvae remained in the egg-shell after hatching when the eggs-were out of water but on a damp surface and in a saturated atmosphere. They survived like this for up to six days or about the same time as the larvae survived in tap water if there was no food. When liberated in water the head of the first-instar larva was comparatively small with the mouth parts folded in. Within two hours of liberation in water the head enlarged considerably and the mouth parts came into position ; the larva was then ready to catch its Culicine prey. When in water containing dead leaves, these larvae survived from a few days to over four weeks and some grew to the third instar without any Culicine food.Cannibalism was investigated. Fourth-instar larvae did not attack each other readily ; they devoured smaller larvae of their own species and small to medium size larvae resorted to cannibalism, particularly in the absence of Culicine prey. There was evidence that fourth-instar Aëdes aegypti occasionally ate first-instar Megarhinus.The discussion traces attempts which have been made in certain Pacific islands, notably Hawaii and Fiji, to use Megarhines for biological control of disease-carrying mosquitos. M. brevipalpis has a shorter life-cycle than the species introduced into these islands and the conclusion reached is that laboratory breeding, to enable large numbers to be released in certain areas, would be a suitable adjunct to a programme of general control, in this part of the world. Airmail consignments of larvae are being sent to Hawaii with the object of starting a laboratory colony there.

Mermithid parasites of the mosquito Aedes vexans Meigen in British Columbia

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1077-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Trpiš ◽  
W. O. Haufe ◽  
J. A. Shemanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Aedes Vexans ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Fraser Valley ◽  
Time Of Collection ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Newly emerged and apparently healthy female adults of Aedes vexans Meigen were collected in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, After they had fed once on man at the time of collection and daily on guinea pigs thereafter in the laboratory, they were found to be infected with mermithid worms that developed rapidly at 25 °C. The parasites suppressed ovarian development and caused nearly 100% mortality within 10 days. They started to leave morbid hosts within 7 days. More detailed studies of the life cycle of the mermithid parasites are needed to assess their effectiveness and specificity in the biological control of A. vexans.

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