scholarly journals Robustness of Ancestral State Estimates: Evolution of Life History Strategy in Ichneumonoid Parasitoids

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Belshaw ◽  
Donald L. J. Quicke
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Evolution Of Life

scholarly journals Phylogenomics of Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera) and implications for evolution of mode of parasitism and viral endogenization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Sharanowski ◽  
Ryan D. Ridenbaugh ◽  
Patrick K. Piekarski ◽  
Gavin R. Broad ◽  
Gaelen R. Burke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Endogenous Virus ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Nucleotide Data ◽  
Codon Use

AbstractIchneumonoidea is one of the most diverse lineages of animals on the planet with more than 48,000 described species and many more undescribed. Parasitoid wasps of this superfamily are beneficial insects that attack and kill other arthropods and are important for understanding diversification and the evolution of life history strategies related to parasitoidism. Further, some lineages of parasitoids within Ichneumonoidea have acquired endogenous virus elements (EVEs) that are permanently a part of the wasp’s genome and benefit the wasp through host immune disruption and behavioral control. Unfortunately, understanding the evolution of viral acquisition, parasitism strategies, diversification, and host immune disruption mechanisms, is deeply limited by the lack of a robust phylogenetic framework for Ichneumonoidea. Here we design probes targeting 541 genes across 91 taxa to test phylogenetic relationships, the evolution of parasitoid strategies, and the utility of probes to capture polydnavirus genes across a diverse array of taxa. Phylogenetic relationships among Ichneumonoidea were largely well resolved with most higher-level relationships maximally supported. We noted codon use biases between the outgroups, Braconidae, and Ichneumonidae and within Pimplinae, which were largely solved through analyses of amino acids rather than nucleotide data. These biases may impact phylogenetic reconstruction and caution for outgroup selection is recommended. Ancestral state reconstructions were variable for Braconidae across analyses, but consistent for reconstruction of idiobiosis/koinobiosis in Ichneumonidae. The data suggest many transitions between parasitoid life history traits across the whole superfamily. The two subfamilies within Ichneumonidae that have polydnaviruses are supported as distantly related, providing strong evidence for two independent acquisitions of ichnoviruses. Polydnavirus capture using our designed probes was only partially successful and suggests that more targeted approaches would be needed for this strategy to be effective for surveying taxa for these viral genes. In total, these data provide a robust framework for the evolution of Ichneumonoidea.

scholarly journals Variability in life-history switch points across and within populations explained by Adaptive Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (148) ◽  
pp. 20180371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Landi ◽  
James R. Vonesh ◽  
Cang Hui
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Adaptive Dynamics ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Optimization Theory ◽  
Disruptive Selection ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Dynamics Of Population

Understanding the factors that shape the timing of life-history switch points (SPs; e.g. hatching, metamorphosis and maturation) is a fundamental question in evolutionary ecology. Previous studies examining this question from a fitness optimization perspective have advanced our understanding of why the timing of life-history transitions may vary across populations and environments. However, in nature we also often observe variability among individuals within populations. Optimization theory, which typically predicts a single optimal SP under physiological and environmental constraints for a given environment, cannot explain this variability. Here, we re-examine the evolution of a single life-history SP between juvenile and adult stages from an Adaptive Dynamics (AD) perspective, which explicitly considers the feedback between the dynamics of population and the evolution of life-history strategy. The AD model, although simple in structure, exhibits a diverse range of evolutionary scenarios depending upon demographic and environmental conditions, including the loss of the juvenile stage, a single optimal SP, alternative optimal SPs depending on the initial phenotype, and sympatric coexistence of two SP phenotypes under disruptive selection. Such predictions are consistent with previous optimization approaches in predicting life-history SP variability across environments and between populations, and in addition they also explain within-population variability by sympatric disruptive selection. Thus, our model can be used as a theoretical tool for understanding life-history variability across environments and, especially, within species in the same environment.

The biogeography of human diversity in life history strategy.

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelio José Figueredo ◽  
Steven C. Hertler ◽  
Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Human Diversity

Experimentally increased costs of parental care are shunted to offspring in species with extended care

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen F. Wagner ◽  
Emeline Mourocq ◽  
Michael Griesser
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Trade Offs

Biparental care systems are a valuable model to examine conflict, cooperation, and coordination between unrelated individuals, as the product of the interactions between the parents influences the fitness of both individuals. A common experimental technique for testing coordinated responses to changes in the costs of parental care is to temporarily handicap one parent, inducing a higher cost of providing care. However, dissimilarity in experimental designs of these studies has hindered interspecific comparisons of the patterns of cost distribution between parents and offspring. Here we apply a comparative experimental approach by handicapping a parent at nests of five bird species using the same experimental treatment. In some species, a decrease in care by a handicapped parent was compensated by its partner, while in others the increased costs of care were shunted to the offspring. Parental responses to an increased cost of care primarily depended on the total duration of care that offspring require. However, life history pace (i.e., adult survival and fecundity) did not influence parental decisions when faced with a higher cost of caring. Our study highlights that a greater attention to intergenerational trade-offs is warranted, particularly in species with a large burden of parental care. Moreover, we demonstrate that parental care decisions may be weighed more against physiological workload constraints than against future prospects of reproduction, supporting evidence that avian species may devote comparable amounts of energy into survival, regardless of life history strategy.

scholarly journals Genome size variation in deep-sea amphipods

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 170862 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ritchie ◽  
A. J. Jamieson ◽  
S. B. Piertney
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
New Hebrides ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Independent Contrast

Genome size varies considerably across taxa, and extensive research effort has gone into understanding whether variation can be explained by differences in key ecological and life-history traits among species. The extreme environmental conditions that characterize the deep sea have been hypothesized to promote large genome sizes in eukaryotes. Here we test this supposition by examining genome sizes among 13 species of deep-sea amphipods from the Mariana, Kermadec and New Hebrides trenches. Genome sizes were estimated using flow cytometry and found to vary nine-fold, ranging from 4.06 pg (4.04 Gb) in Paralicella caperesca to 34.79 pg (34.02 Gb) in Alicella gigantea . Phylogenetic independent contrast analysis identified a relationship between genome size and maximum body size, though this was largely driven by those species that display size gigantism. There was a distinct shift in the genome size trait diversification rate in the supergiant amphipod A. gigantea relative to the rest of the group. The variation in genome size observed is striking and argues against genome size being driven by a common evolutionary history, ecological niche and life-history strategy in deep-sea amphipods.

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