TACKLING THE ENDOGENEITY OF FERTILITY IN THE STUDY OF WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATION STRATEGIES USING DATA FROM URBAN BRAZIL

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Connelly ◽  
Deborah S. DeGraff ◽  
Deborah Levison ◽  
Brian P. McCall
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Using Data

Sexual Division in Parenting: A Normative Context That Hinders Co-Responsibility

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110380
Author(s):  
José María García-de-Diego ◽  
Livia García-Faroldi
Keyword(s):  
Child Rearing ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Sexual Division ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Family ◽  
Social Images ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Using Data

Recent decades have seen an increase in women’s employment rates and an expansion of egalitarian values. Previous studies document the so-called “motherhood penalty,” which makes women’s employment more difficult. Demands for greater shared child-rearing between parents are hindered by a normative climate that supports differentiated gender roles in the family. Using data from the Center for Sociological Research [Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas] (2018), this study shows that the Spanish population perceives that differentiated social images of motherhood and fatherhood still persist. The “sexual division in parenting” index is proposed and the profile of the individuals who most perceive this sexual division is analyzed. The results show that women and younger people are the most aware of this social normativity that unequally distributes child care, making co-responsibility difficult. The political implications of these results are discussed.

Women specialist managers in Australia – Where are we now? Where to next?

2021 ◽  
pp. 002218562110019
Author(s):  
Mark Westcott
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Management Roles ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Management Groups

Management as an occupation has become increasingly feminised in Australia over the last two decades. This article focuses specifically on specialist managers, answering the question of where we are now in terms of gender equity. It charts the increasing but uneven growth of women’s employment among specialist management occupations. Women remain concentrated into a relatively small number of management specialisations and it is argued that there is a gendering of certain management roles which is reflected in the value attached to these roles. Using data sourced from the Australian Tax Office, the article shows that men earn higher income across all specialist management groups, including those that are highly feminised, and higher salary across all specialisations excepting one – childcare directors. Evidence is presented detailing the relativities between management specialisations, showing a variation between men and women in terms of rank. Women are much less valued in some management specialisations, such as finance. Men are much less valued in others, such as childcare. The article concludes by speculating how greater gender equity can be achieved among specialist managers but observes that ‘management’ and ‘male’ are still tightly connected.

scholarly journals The New Life Cycle of Women's Employment: Disappearing Humps, Sagging Middles, Expanding Tops

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Goldin ◽  
Joshua Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Unpaid Leave ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
The Impact

A new life cycle of women's employment emerged with cohorts born in the 1950s. For prior cohorts, life-cycle employment had a hump shape; it increased from the twenties to the forties, hit a peak, and then declined starting in the fifties. The new life cycle of employment is initially high and flat, there is a dip in the middle, and a phasing out that is more prolonged than for previous cohorts. The hump is gone, the middle is a bit sagging, and the top has greatly expanded. We explore the increase in cumulative work experience for women from the 1930s to the 1970s birth cohorts using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Health and Retirement Study. We investigate the changing labor force impact of a birth event across cohorts and by education, and also the impact of taking leave or quitting. We find greatly increased labor force experience across cohorts, far less time out after a birth, and greater labor force recovery for those who take paid or unpaid leave. Increased employment of women in their older ages is related to more continuous work experience across the life cycle.

Troubling Trade-offs Between Women’s Work and Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence From 19 Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110219
Author(s):  
Sameen Zafar ◽  
MS Saima Zia ◽  
Rafi Amir-ud-Din
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Women's Work ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Women’S Work

The empirical link between women’s employment status and their experience of different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) is not very apparent. Using Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data from 19 developing countries in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East, we found that working women were significantly more likely to experience IPV than their stay-at-home counterparts. Given the great diversity in women’s employment with respect to economic returns and working conditions, we disaggregated women’s employment into three categories vis-à-vis agriculture jobs (AJ), blue-collar jobs (BJ), and white-collar jobs (WJ). The disaggregated analysis revealed that women engaged in all three job categories were significantly more likely to experience IPV. After controlling for potential endogeneity of women’s employment, we found that women’s work increased the risk of less severe physical violence (LSPV) and emotional violence (EV) but reduced the risk of sexual violence (SV). Endogeneity-adjusted disaggregated analysis showed that women engaged in BJ and WJ faced an increased risk of LSPV but reduced risk of SV. In contrast, women undertaking AJ faced a smaller risk of severe physical violence (SPV) and SV. This study contradicts some long-held beliefs that women’s work is a sufficient condition for protecting them from IPV. The public policy should not assume that women’s earnings automatically protect them against the risk of IPV. While encouraging a greater female labor force participation rate is important in its own right, women’s risk of IPV is context-specific.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document