The overarching principle of full effectiveness in compensation for indirect losses: the lesson from C-435/18 Otis and Others

Fungi p. Fusarium is one of the most harmful pathogens of wheat diseases. Their harmfulness is caused both by direct losses due to decrease in yield, and indirect as a result of infection of the obtained products with mycotoxins and decrease in process, baking and sowing parameters of grain. Due to high potential losses, analysis of quantitative parameters of harmfulness of fusarium pathogens of spike and grain is relevant. The paper presents data showing the harmfulness of Fusarium of spike and wheat grain. The causes of direct and indirect losses in case of damage to wheat spike by fungi of p. Fusarium. Direct losses of crop yield are shown in the natural conditions of Minsk region and with the epiphytotic development of the disease in case of artificial infection, which can reach over 50 %. The effect of Fusaria on baking properties of wheat is analyzed. It was determined that grain damage causes decrease in weight of 1000 grains and the flour yield when it is used in the milling industry, as well as deterioration in its quality due to decrease in protein and crude gluten level. The effect of pathogens on sowing parameters of grain is determined. It is concluded that for use as seeds in terms of laboratory germination capacity, batches of grain infected with Fusarium only up to 15 % can be accepted. The data obtained will allow us to adapt protective measures against Fusarium of spike and grain and reduce its negative impact on crop yield and quality of the products obtained.

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Estimation of Earthquake Loss due to Bridge Damage in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area. II: Indirect Losses

Natural Hazards Review ◽

10.1061/(asce)1527-6988(2008)9:1(12) ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 12-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

David L. Enke ◽

Chakkaphan Tirasirichai ◽

Ronaldo Luna

Keyword(s):

Metropolitan Area ◽

Earthquake Loss ◽

Bridge Damage ◽

Indirect Losses

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Equilibrium Effects of Firm Subsidies

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/aer.20171840 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 109 (10) ◽

pp. 3475-3513 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Martin Rotemberg

Keyword(s):

Small Firm ◽

Aggregate Productivity ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Crowd Out ◽

Indirect Losses ◽

Subsidy Programs

Subsidy programs have two countervailing effects on firms: direct gains for eligible firms and indirect losses for those whose competitors are eligible. In 2006, India changed the eligibility criteria for small-firm subsidies, and the sales of newly eligible firms grew by roughly 35 percent. Competitors of the newly eligible firms were affected, with almost complete crowd-out within products that were less internationally traded, but little crowd-out for more-traded products. The newly eligible firms had relatively high marginal products, so relaxing the eligibility criteria for subsidies increased aggregate productivity by around 1−2 percent. Targeting different firms could have led to similar gains. (JEL D22, D24, H25, L25, L52, L60, O14)

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Risks and Indirect Losses Due to the Utilisation of Computerized Systems

The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Issues and Practice ◽

10.1057/gpp.1979.17 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 81-84

Keyword(s):

Indirect Losses

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Insect Management for Potatoes

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-ig155-2005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2005 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Susan E. Webb

Keyword(s):

Cooperative Extension ◽

Cooperative Extension Service ◽

Extension Service ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

University Of Florida ◽

Insect Management ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Agricultural Sciences ◽

Chewing Insects ◽

Indirect Losses

Chewing insects can cause serious yield and quality losses in potatoes by feeding on the leaves, stems or tubers. Sucking insects can cause direct losses from feeding and indirect losses by transmitting viral diseases. The most important of these insects are described below. A table at the end of the chapter lists insecticides currently registered for potatoes. This document is ENY-469 (which replaces ENY-438), one of a series of the Entomology & Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: November 2001. Revised: August 2005. ENY-469/IG155: Insect Management for Potatoes (ufl.edu)

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Fragmentation of production amplifies systemic risks from extreme events in supply-chain networks

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0244196 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0244196

Author(s):

Célian Colon ◽

Åke Brännström ◽

Elena Rovenskaya ◽

Ulf Dieckmann

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Extreme Events ◽

Evolutionary Game ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Moderate Increase ◽

Supply Chain Networks ◽

Systemic Risks ◽

Indirect Losses ◽

Fragmentation Of Production ◽

Demand Changes

Climatic and other extreme events threaten the globalized economy, which relies on increasingly complex and specialized supply-chain networks. Disasters generate (i) direct economic losses due to reduced production in the locations where they occur, and (ii) to indirect losses from the supply shortages and demand changes that cascade along the supply chains. Firms can use inventories to reduce their risk of shortages. Since firms are interconnected through the supply chain, the level of inventory hold by one firm influences the risk of shortages of the others. Such interdependencies lead to systemic risks in supply chain networks. We introduce a stylized model of complex supply-chain networks in which firms adjust their inventory to maximize profit. We analyze the resulting risks and inventory patterns using evolutionary game theory. We report the following findings. Inventories significantly reduce disruption cascades and indirect losses at the expense of a moderate increase in direct losses. The more fragmented a supply chain is, the less beneficial it is for individual firms to maintain inventories, resulting in higher systemic risks. One way to mitigate such systemic risks is to prescribe inventory sizes to individual firms—a measure that could, for instance, be fostered by insurers. We found that prescribing firm-specific inventory sizes based on their position in the supply chain mitigates systemic risk more effectively than setting the same inventory requirements for all firms.

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