AAC Castle red spring wheat

AAC Castle, an awned hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), cultivar, combines high grain yield and good agronomic characteristics with excellent resistance to leaf, stem, stripe rust, common bunt and loose smut. It also expressed tolerance to the orange wheat blossom midge. Based on 39 station years of data in the registration trials from 2014 to 2016, the grain yield of AAC Castle was about 17% higher than 5700PR but similar to the other checks. AAC Castle was significantly shorter than AAC Foray and CDC Terrain, but had similar lodging resistance and maturity. AAC Castle had higher test weight, protein concentration, falling number and flour yield than AAC Foray and CDC Terrain. AAC Castle is eligible for grade of the Canada Prairie Spring Red wheat market class.

Development of the new waxy winter wheat cultivars Eldija and Sarta

Two new waxy winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Eldija and Sarta, were developed at the Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry and released in Lithuania in 2021. The cultivars were developed using waxy wheat material from Nebraska, the United States of America. The mean yield of Eldija and Sarta at five locations over three testing years was 7.56 and 7.21 t/ha or 79.63 and 75.95%, respectively, compared to the yield of the standard cultivars. Eldija and Sarta should be grown under high input conditions due to the relatively low resistance to leaf spot diseases and Fusarium head blight and medium tolerance to lodging. An amylose content of 0.68% and 0.36% of Eldija and Sarta, respectively, a very low falling number (about 60 s), a lower flour yield and higher water absorption compared to common wheat and the reaction to iodine staining (brown colour) characterised the new cultivars as fully waxy wheats. These cultivars are intended for the potential demand from commercial companies for special use in the food industry.

AAC Vortex hard red winter wheat

AAC Vortex is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar well-adapted to all areas of western Canada and classified for grades of Canada Western Red Winter (CWRW) wheat. It was developed using doubled-haploid methodology. AAC Vortex was evaluated for registration relative to CDC Buteo, Emerson, Moats, and AAC Elevate across Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Based on 44 replicated trials over 4 years (2016/17-2019/20), AAC Vortex had significantly higher grain yield than CDC Buteo and Emerson, and higher grain protein concentration than all of the checks except Emerson. AAC Vortex expressed winter survival and lodging resistance equal to the best checks, medium maturity and height, and acceptable test weight. AAC Vortex was resistant to stem, leaf and stripe rust, moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight, and susceptible to common bunt. AAC Vortex produced flour of higher protein concentration than all of the checks except Emerson, had higher clean wheat flour yield and loaf volume than all of the checks, and was similar in gluten strength to Emerson.

Triticale flour in bakery and rusk products

This paper researches the properties of two triticale varieties and three selection lines developed in Bashkortostan. The organoleptic indicators were typical of a standard grain; all the samples had a high protein content level. Gluten weight ratio matched the grain genotype. The falling number of the studied samples was low. Hydrothermal processing modes for triticale grain before grinding were optimized. The studied varieties and lines were found to yield 65.15%–70.18% of the flour. The conducted polynomial two-factor regression analysis proved that the flour yield factor is the grain softening period lasting 6 h. The dough deformation energy of the obtained flour samples was 67–129 units, the falling number 104–155 s indicates the low baking properties of the flour, thereby it was suggested to make brittle and crisp bakery products as crispbread and breadsticks. A breadstick formula with 60% wheat flour replaced with triticale flour was developed. The number of spore Rope bacteria increased slightly during the shelf life but did not exceed the permissible values. There have been developed formulas and methods to make crispbreads for producing crackers with triticale bran of 40% have been developed.

Effects of enzymatic, sprouting and solvent methods on free and total gossypol reduction, oil content, flour yield and crude protein content

Use of cottonseed as protein source for food application and monogastric animals are restricted due to the presence of polyphenolic toxic content known as gossypol. Reduction of gossypol and improving crude protein content in cottonseed flour may increase its utility for feed and food industries. The present study aims to analyze the influence of three individual methods viz., sprouting method, enzymatic method and solvents method on free and total gossypol content, crude protein content, oil content and flour yield. Enzymatic treatments were performed using culture candida tropicalis, saccharomyces cerevisiae and combinations of both whereas for solvent treatments four different solvents namely acetone, ethanol, methanol and iso-propanol with their four different levels (70-100%) were applied. Results of this study revealed that 70% aqueous acetone showed maximum free gossypol reduction (97%), crude protein content (65.6%), oil content 31.3 % and 57% flour yield was observed. However, total gossypol reduction was only 51%. Other side, enzymatic treatment based on candida tropicalis found more effective in terms of total gossypol reduction (73%), however crude protein content was recorded only 39.4%.

PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS AND ACCEPTABILITY OF JACKFRUIT (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) SEEDS, PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF ITS FLOUR

Jackfruit possess 100-400 seeds which are oval, brown and edible after processing. A study was undertaken to investigate ‘processing characteristics and acceptability of jackfruit seeds and to evaluate physical and functional properties of its flour’. Ripe jackfruits procured from a single tree at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad campus were cut, and seeds were separated. Seeds were processed by boiling, pressure cooking, pan roasting, microwave roasting, baking. Unprocessed seeds served as control. Effect of processing on characteristics of jackfruit seed was evaluated. Seeds were subjected to sensory evaluation by semi- trained panel members using 9 point hedonic scale. Processed seeds were converted to flour and analyzed for physical and functional properties. Results revealed that weight, volume and edible portion of seeds increased in wet processing but decreased in dry processing. Boiling resulted in better acceptability with acceptability index of 83.15 per cent. Pressure cooked and pan roasted seeds were on par with boiled seeds followed by baked seeds, while microwave roasted seeds had lower acceptability. Flour yield was significantly higher in unprocessed jackfruit seeds (42.17 ± 0.06 %). Increase in bulk density was recorded with processing. All processing methods resulted in increased water absorption and oil absorption capacity of jackfruit seed flours. Swelling capacity of jackfruit seed flour increased during moist processing (6.46±0.11 % in boiled and 6.24±0.10 % pressure cooked seeds) and did not decrease significantly in dry processing. The solubility of flours increased during boiling (21.07±0.05%) and decreased significantly on dry processing (15.63 ± 0.20%). Jackfruit seed flour possess good functional property and hence can be used at domestic, commercial and industrial purpose KEY WORDS: Dry processing, Flour, Jackfruit seed, Moist processing

Effect of short term storage on wheat quality parameters

Eleven samples of registered wheat varieties of bread with diverse technological qualities were used in this study. The samples were devided into two groups. The first group including all the 11 variety were stored for 3 months, while the second group of the samples were stored for 9 months at an ambient temperature. The results of quality evaluation showed that 5 soft wheat varieties (GK Csongrád, GK Garaboly, GK Hattyú, GK Holló, GK Nap) and 6 hard wheat varieties (GK Ati, GK Békés, GK Élet, GK Kalász, GK Petúr, GK Verecke) were involved in the study. Further, the flour yield, the gluten index and the water absorbance capacity has significantly decreased after 9 months storage time when compared to 3 months storage interval.

Direct and indirect losses determining the harmfulness of mushrooms p. Fusarium – fusariosis causes wheat speak and grain

Fungi p. Fusarium is one of the most harmful pathogens of wheat diseases. Their harmfulness is caused both by direct losses due to decrease in yield, and indirect as a result of infection of the obtained products with mycotoxins and decrease in process, baking and sowing parameters of grain. Due to high potential losses, analysis of quantitative parameters of harmfulness of fusarium pathogens of spike and grain is relevant. The paper presents data showing the harmfulness of Fusarium of spike and wheat grain. The causes of direct and indirect losses in case of damage to wheat spike by fungi of p. Fusarium. Direct losses of crop yield are shown in the natural conditions of Minsk region and with the epiphytotic development of the disease in case of artificial infection, which can reach over 50 %. The effect of Fusaria on baking properties of wheat is analyzed. It was determined that grain damage causes decrease in weight of 1000 grains and the flour yield when it is used in the milling industry, as well as deterioration in its quality due to decrease in protein and crude gluten level. The effect of pathogens on sowing parameters of grain is determined. It is concluded that for use as seeds in terms of laboratory germination capacity, batches of grain infected with Fusarium only up to 15 % can be accepted. The data obtained will allow us to adapt protective measures against Fusarium of spike and grain and reduce its negative impact on crop yield and quality of the products obtained.

Impact of Weather Conditions and Farming Systems on Size Distribution of Starch Granules and Flour Yield of Winter Wheat

The size distribution of wheat-grain starch granules has an impact on the yield of fine flour. The aim of the study was to compare the impact of conventional (mineral fertilizers, pesticides) and organic farming treatments (cover crops, composted cattle manure) on (i) the size distribution of starch granules, (ii) the level of the first break whole and fine flour yield. The grain samples of winter wheat cv Fredis were taken from a long-term field crop rotation experiment established in 2008 at the Estonian University of Life Sciences in Tartu County (58°22′ N, 26°40′ E) on Stagnic Luvisol soil. The weather conditions during the grain filling period of winter wheat had a strong impact (p < 0.001) on the grain starch granule size distribution. The proportion of starch granules with a smaller diameter (C-type granules) was higher in years with a longer grain filling period. The size distribution of starch granules was not influenced by farming system. The increased proportion of C-type granules increased the fine flour yield significantly. Fertilisation with organic manure and twice with mineral nitrogen increased significantly the mean diameter value of different starch granules.