Monitoring Alternaria toxins in Italian food to support upcoming regulation

Author(s):  
Veronica M.T. Lattanzio ◽  
Emanuela Verdini ◽  
Stefano Sdogati ◽  
Rita Bibi ◽  
Biancamaria Ciasca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Shephard ◽  
F. Berthiller ◽  
P. Burdaspal ◽  
C. Crews ◽  
M. Jonker ◽  
...  

This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2010 and mid-2011. It covers the major mycotoxins: aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Analytical methods for mycotoxins continue to be developed and published. Despite much interest in immunochemical methods and in the rapid development of LC-MS methodology, more conventional methods, sometimes linked to novel clean-up protocols, have also been the subject of research publications over the above period. Occurrence of mycotoxins falls outside the main focus of this review; however, where relevant to analytical method development, this has been mentioned.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6281
Author(s):  
Adrienn Balázs ◽  
Zelma Faisal ◽  
Rita Csepregi ◽  
Tamás Kőszegi ◽  
Balázs Kriszt ◽  
...  

Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of filamentous fungi. Previous studies demonstrated the co-occurrence of Fusarium and Alternaria toxins, including zearalenone (ZEN), ZEN metabolites, and alternariol (AOH). These xenoestrogenic mycotoxins appear in soy-based meals and dietary supplements, resulting in the co-exposure to ZEN and AOH with the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN). In this study, the cytotoxic and estrogenic effects of ZEN, reduced ZEN metabolites, AOH, and GEN are examined to evaluate their individual and combined impacts. Our results demonstrate that reduced ZEN metabolites, AOH, and GEN can aggravate ZEN-induced toxicity; in addition, the compounds tested exerted mostly synergism or additive combined effects regarding cytotoxicity and/or estrogenicity. Therefore, these observations underline the importance and the considerable risk of mycotoxin co-exposure and the combined effects of mycoestrogens with phytoestrogens.


Toxins ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Xu ◽  
Xiaomin Han ◽  
Fengqin Li ◽  
Lishi Zhang

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Mariya Kiseleva ◽  
Zakhar Chalyy ◽  
Irina Sedova ◽  
Ilya Aksenov

Standard solutions of mycotoxins prepared in RP HPLC solvents from neat standards are usually used for analytical method development. Multi-mycotoxin HPLC-MS/MS methods necessitate stability estimation for the wide spectrum of fungal metabolites. The stability of individual diluted stock standard solutions of mycotoxins in RP-HPLC solvents and multi-analyte HPLC-MS/MS calibrants was evaluated under standard storage and analysis conditions. Individual stock standard solutions of aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, A- and B-trichothecenes, zearalenone and its analogues, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, Alternaria toxins, enniatins and beauvericin, moniliformin, citrinin, mycophenolic, cyclopiazonic acids and citreoviridin were prepared in RP-HPLC solvents and stored at −18 °C for 14 months. UV-spectroscopy was utilized to monitor the stability of analytes, excluding fumonisins. The gradual degradation of α-, β-zearalenol and α-, β-zearalanol in acetonitrile was detected. Aflatoxins and sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, Alternaria toxins, enniatins and beauvericin, citrinin, mycophenolic, cyclopiazonic acids and citreoviridin can be referred to as stable. The concentration of the majority of trichothecenes should be monitored. Diluted multi-mycotoxin standard in water/methanol (50/50 v/v) solutions acidified with 0.1% formic acid proved to be stable in silanized glass at 23 °C exposed to light for at least 75 h (CV ≤ 10%). An unexpected manifestation of MS/MS signal suppression/enhancement was discovered in the course of multi-mycotoxin standard solution stability evaluation.


EFSA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Davide Arcella ◽  
Mari Eskola ◽  
Jose Angel Gómez Ruiz

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Gotthardt ◽  
Stefan Asam ◽  
Klara Gunkel ◽  
Atefeh Fooladi Moghaddam ◽  
Elisabeth Baumann ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 789-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Marianna Sanzani ◽  
Teresa Gallone ◽  
Francesca Garganese ◽  
Andrea Giovanni Caruso ◽  
Mario Amenduni ◽  
...  

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Scott ◽  
Wendy Zhao ◽  
Sherry Feng ◽  
Benjamin P.-Y. Lau

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Stratakou ◽  
H. van der Fels-Klerx

In 2006, the European Commission has established maximum levels for ochratoxin A in wine and grape products, using occurrence data up to 2001 and toxicity data up to 2006. This paper presents an up-to-date overview of the occurrence of mycotoxins in grapes and wine produced in Europe in the period 1995-2010. In addition, for the most frequently occurring mycotoxins, factors influencing the occurrence, and the toxicological effects are presented. To evaluate possible trends in occurrence, contamination data were grouped into three periods of time, i.e. 1995-1999, 2000-2006 and 2007-2010. Most of the available contamination data on mycotoxins in grapes and wine refer to ochratoxin A, but occurrence data on this toxin from 2006 onwards are very limited. The occurrence of ochratoxin A is higher in the southern European countries than in the northern countries, and higher in red and sweet wines as compared to white wines. Fumonisins occur frequently, but in low concentrations. Data on the natural occurrence of Alternaria toxins are not available. The most important factors that influence ochratoxin A contamination of grapes and wine include: temperature and relative humidity in the month before harvesting the berries, the type of wine (maceration), and the percentage of damaged berries before vinification. Applying good agricultural practices in the vineyard, including minimizing damaged berries and chemical or biological control of the fungi, are the best methods to limit mycotoxin formation in grapes and wine. Ochratoxin A, Alternaria toxins and fumonisins are toxic to animals. These toxins are of concern to human health, but clear evidence on their relationship with human disease is not available yet. Therefore, more research in this area would be desirable.


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