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2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110246
Author(s):  
Molly Lewis ◽  
Matt Cooper Borkenhagen ◽  
Ellen Converse ◽  
Gary Lupyan ◽  
Mark S. Seidenberg

We investigated how gender is represented in children’s books using a novel 200,000-word corpus comprising 247 popular, contemporary books for young children. Using adult human judgments and word co-occurrence data, we quantified gender biases of words in individual books and in the whole corpus. We found that children’s books contain many words that adults judge as gendered. Semantic analyses based on co-occurrence data yielded word clusters related to gender stereotypes (e.g., feminine: emotions; masculine: tools). Co-occurrence data also indicated that many books instantiate gender stereotypes identified in other research (e.g., girls are better at reading, and boys are better at math). Finally, we used large-scale data to estimate the gender distribution of the audience for individual books, and we found that children are more often exposed to stereotypes for their own gender. Together, the data suggest that children’s books may be an early source of gender associations and stereotypes.


Author(s):  
S. Santhoshkumar ◽  
P. Jawahar ◽  
A. Srinivasan ◽  
N. Jayakumar ◽  
A. Subburaj

Background: The present study was undertaken to analyse the monthly and seasonal finfish bycatch diversity of trawler fishery of Nagapattinam coast situated in the state of Tamil Nadu, South India from January 2017 to August 2019. Methods: Samples of finfish bycatch were collected fortnightly from the commercial shrimp trawlers operating in the coastal waters off Nagapattinam. The collected bycatch of finfish species was identified and month-wise and season-wise trawl finfish bycatch occurrence data collected were subjected to univariate and multivariate analysis using PRIMER Version 6.1.7. software. Result: In this study, the annual average total landing was estimated at 15,414.41 tonnes with an annual average fishing effort of 9327 boat days. Of this total landing, commercial catch constituted 70.75% (10,905.78 tonnes), whereas finfish bycatch formed 21.12% (3,256.14 tonnes) and rest by other groups. The peak fishing effort was observed in every March during the study period. A total of 210 finfish species belonging to 15 orders, 79 families and 153 genera were recorded, in which the order, Perciformes alone shared 53.81% of the total number of species. The monthly univariate analysis revealed that bycatch diversity was the highest in every September and the lowest in every June during the study period, while the season-wise analysis revealed the highest diversity during monsoon seasons. Likewise, the month-wise multivariate analysis performed through cluster analysis divulged the highest similarity between September’17 and September’18, while the season-wise analysis revealed the highest similarity between postmonsoon’17 and postmonsoon’18. Further, the K dominance plot divulged that the highest density of finfish species was in every September and in monsoon seasons during the study period.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Filippova ◽  
Dmitry Ageev ◽  
Sergey Bolshakov ◽  
Evgeny Davydov ◽  
Aleksandra Filippova ◽  
...  

The paper presents the initiative on literature-based occurrence data mobilisation of fungi and fungi-related organisms (literature-based occurrences, Darwin Core MaterialCitation) to develop the Fungal literature-based occurrence database for the southern West Siberia (FuSWS). The initiative on mobilisation of literature-based occurrence data started in the northern part of West Siberia in 2016. The present project extends the initiative to the southern regions and includes ten administrative territories (Tyumen Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Chelyabinsk Region, Omsk Region, Kurgan Region, Tomsk Region, Novosibirsk Region, Kemerovo Region, Altai Territory and Republic of Altai). The area occupies the central to southern part of the West Siberian Plain and extends for about 1.5 K km from the west to the east from the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains to Yenisey River and from north to south—about 1.3 K km. The total area equals about 1.4 million km2. The initiative is actively growing in spatial, collaboration and data accumulation terms. The working group of about 30 mycologists from eight organisations dedicated to the data mobilisation was created as part of the Siberian Mycological Society (informal organisation since 2019). They have compiled the almost complete bibliographic list of mycology-related papers for the southern West Siberia, including over 900 publications for the last two centuries (the earliest dated 1800). All literature sources were digitised and an online library was created to integrate bibliography metadata and digitised papers using Zotero bibliography manager. The analysis of published sources showed that about two-thirds of works contain occurrences of fungi for the scope of mobilisation. At the time of the paper submission, the database had been populated with a total of about 8 K records from 93 sources. The dataset is uploaded to GBIF, where it is available for online search of species occurrences and/or download. The project's page with the introduction, templates, bibliography list, video-presentations and written instructions is available (in Russian) at the web site of the Siberian Mycological Society. The initiative will be continued in the following years to extract the records from all published sources. The paper presents the first project with the aim of literature-based occurrence data mobilisation of fungi and fungi-related organisms in the southern West Siberia. The full bibliography and a digital library of all regional mycological publications created for the first time includes about 900 published works. By the time of paper submission, nearly 8 K occurrence records were extracted from about 90 literature sources and integrated into the FuSWS database published in GBIF.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 818
Author(s):  
Jacques Fize ◽  
Ludovic Moncla ◽  
Bruno Martins

Geocoding aims to assign unambiguous locations (i.e., geographic coordinates) to place names (i.e., toponyms) referenced within documents (e.g., within spreadsheet tables or textual paragraphs). This task comes with multiple challenges, such as dealing with referent ambiguity (multiple places with a same name) or reference database completeness. In this work, we propose a geocoding approach based on modeling pairs of toponyms, which returns latitude-longitude coordinates. One of the input toponyms will be geocoded, and the second one is used as context to reduce ambiguities. The proposed approach is based on a deep neural network that uses Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) units to produce representations from sequences of character n-grams. To train our model, we use toponym co-occurrences collected from different contexts, namely textual (i.e., co-occurrences of toponyms in Wikipedia articles) and geographical (i.e., inclusion and proximity of places based on Geonames data). Experiments based on multiple geographical areas of interest—France, United States, Great-Britain, Nigeria, Argentina and Japan—were conducted. Results show that models trained with co-occurrence data obtained a higher geocoding accuracy, and that proximity relations in combination with co-occurrences can help to obtain a slightly higher accuracy in geographical areas with fewer places in the data sources.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah R. Supp ◽  
Gil Bohrer ◽  
John Fieberg ◽  
Frank A. La Sorte

AbstractAs human and automated sensor networks collect increasingly massive volumes of animal observations, new opportunities have arisen to use these data to infer or track species movements. Sources of broad scale occurrence datasets include crowdsourced databases, such as eBird and iNaturalist, weather surveillance radars, and passive automated sensors including acoustic monitoring units and camera trap networks. Such data resources represent static observations, typically at the species level, at a given location. Nonetheless, by combining multiple observations across many locations and times it is possible to infer spatially continuous population-level movements. Population-level movement characterizes the aggregated movement of individuals comprising a population, such as range contractions, expansions, climate tracking, or migration, that can result from physical, behavioral, or demographic processes. A desire to model population movements from such forms of occurrence data has led to an evolving field that has created new analytical and statistical approaches that can account for spatial and temporal sampling bias in the observations. The insights generated from the growth of population-level movement research can complement the insights from focal tracking studies, and elucidate mechanisms driving changes in population distributions at potentially larger spatial and temporal scales. This review will summarize current broad-scale occurrence datasets, discuss the latest approaches for utilizing them in population-level movement analyses, and highlight studies where such analyses have provided ecological insights. We outline the conceptual approaches and common methodological steps to infer movements from spatially distributed occurrence data that currently exist for terrestrial animals, though similar approaches may be applicable to plants, freshwater, or marine organisms.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo A. Da Costa Filho ◽  
Daniel Andrey ◽  
Bjorn Eriksen ◽  
Rafael P. Peixoto ◽  
Benoit M. Carreres ◽  
...  

AbstractMicroplastics (MPs) have gained a high degree of public interest since they are associated with the global release of plastics into the environment. Various studies have confirmed the presence of MPs throughout the food chain. However, information on the ingestion of MPs via the consumption of many commonly consumed foods like dairy products are scarce due to the lack of studies investigating the “contamination” of this food group by MPs. This lack of occurrence data is mainly due to the absence of robust analytical methods capable of reliably quantifying MPs with size < 20 µm in foods. In this work, a new methodology was developed to accurately determine and characterize MPs in milk-based products using micro-Raman (μRaman) technology, entailing combined enzymatic and chemical digestion steps. This is the first time that the presence of relatively low amounts of small-sized MP (≥ 5 µm) have been reported in raw milk collected at farm just after the milking machine and in some processed commercial liquid and powdered cow’s milk products.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Davide Arcella ◽  
Claudia Cascio ◽  
Bruno Dujardin ◽  
Petra Gergelová ◽  
...  

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Vincent Hort ◽  
Eric Abadie ◽  
Nathalie Arnich ◽  
Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein ◽  
Zouher Amzil

In recent decades, more than 130 potentially toxic metabolites originating from dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus Karenia or metabolized by marine organisms have been described. These metabolites include the well-known and large group of brevetoxins (BTXs), responsible for foodborne neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and airborne respiratory symptoms in humans. Karenia spp. also produce brevenal, brevisamide and metabolites belonging to the hemi-brevetoxin, brevisin, tamulamide, gymnocin, gymnodimine, brevisulcenal and brevisulcatic acid groups. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge in the literature since 1977 on these various identified metabolites, whether they are produced directly by the producer organisms or biotransformed in marine organisms. Their structures and physicochemical properties are presented and discussed. Among future avenues of research, we highlight the need for more toxin occurrence data with analytical techniques, which can specifically determine the analogs present in samples. New metabolites have yet to be fully described, especially the groups of metabolites discovered in the last two decades (e.g tamulamides). Lastly, this work clarifies the different nomenclatures used in the literature and should help to harmonize practices in the future.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Christopher Dennis Clowes

<p>This document presents results from a study of the Mid- to Late Eocene and earliest Oligocene marine palynomorphs from on-shore and near-shore New Zealand. Eighty samples of appropriate age from across mainland New Zealand were examined for fossil dinoflagellates. Acritarchs encountered in the study are described, also, and the phenetic taxonomy of the Acritarcha provides an interesting contrast to the present 'mixed' state of dinoflagellate taxonomy: phylogenetic above the genus rank, and arguably below it, but predominantly phenetic at the genus rank. Extensive single mount collections were harvested from a number of samples which were found to be especially rich, well preserved, or which contained new taxa. The outcome has included descriptions of 25 new species, in addition to two (Corrudinium regulare and Corrudinium otagoense) published in an earlier paper (Clowes & Wilson 2006), namely: Achilleodinium echinatum, Achilleodinium improcerum,  ?Areoligera hampdenensis, Batiacasphaera perforata, Chlamydophorella neopilata, Chlamydophorella pilata, Corrudinium bujakii, Deflandrea totara, Disphaerogena morgansii, Graptodinium inconditum, Graptodinium reticulatum, Nummus inornatus, Operculodinium crouchii, Operculodinium schioleri, Operculodinium pulcher, Operculodinium vulgare, Phthanoperidinium aculeatum, Phthanoperidinium australe, Phthanoperidinium dentatum, Phthanoperidinium granulatum, Phthanoperidinium spumosum, Phthanoperidinium tenuimurum, Pyxidinopsis mundus, Pyxidinopsis teuriensis, Samlandia tenuis. Although there remain some difficulties where the adopted suprageneric phylogeny meets the traditionally phenetic generic constructs, adopting an explicitly phylogenetic approach to dinoflagellate taxonomy was found to be a fruitful approach. Investigation into some of the new taxa described herein was first prompted by geographic or temporal occurrence criteria which hinted that relationships might be other than those immediately suggested by gross morphology. Only upon closer inspection were subtler morphological distinctions noticed. To adopt a wholly phylogenetic approach almost certainly requires the abandonment of taxa, particularly genera, which are uniquely defined by mutually exclusive morphological criteria. Other clues to phylogeny, such as stratigraphic and regional occurrence data, may also have to be recognised. Notwithstanding, all taxa described herein are, in fact, defined by means of conventional morphological distinctions. This study does not take the bold step to suggest a new taxon based wholly on geographical and temporal criteria. Doing so, however, is clearly a rational extension to the ideas presented herein, and is thought worthy of further investigation. A subordinate goal of this study was to further refine the younger part of Wilson's dinoflagellate biozonation for New Zealand (Wilson 1984d, 1987, 1988; Morgans et al. 2004), to: improve resolution, if possible; clarify an ambiguous boundary remaining in the literature, between the Wetzeliella hampdenensis and Wilsonidium tabulatum zones; incorporate more common taxa, which are not restricted to particular ecological settings. This has been progressed by a number of measures, including adopting a consistent approach to defining zone boundaries; replacement of the Wilsonidium echinosuturatum and Wilsonidium lineidentatum Zones with three new zones, Deflandrea convexa (early Porangan - late Porangan), Graptodinium inconditum (late Porangan - early Bortonian), and Impagidinium elegans (early Bortonian - late Bortonian); and the establishment of an additional new zone, the Stoveracysta kakanuiensis Zone, straddling the Eocene-Oligocene boundary.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Christopher Dennis Clowes

<p>This document presents results from a study of the Mid- to Late Eocene and earliest Oligocene marine palynomorphs from on-shore and near-shore New Zealand. Eighty samples of appropriate age from across mainland New Zealand were examined for fossil dinoflagellates. Acritarchs encountered in the study are described, also, and the phenetic taxonomy of the Acritarcha provides an interesting contrast to the present 'mixed' state of dinoflagellate taxonomy: phylogenetic above the genus rank, and arguably below it, but predominantly phenetic at the genus rank. Extensive single mount collections were harvested from a number of samples which were found to be especially rich, well preserved, or which contained new taxa. The outcome has included descriptions of 25 new species, in addition to two (Corrudinium regulare and Corrudinium otagoense) published in an earlier paper (Clowes & Wilson 2006), namely: Achilleodinium echinatum, Achilleodinium improcerum,  ?Areoligera hampdenensis, Batiacasphaera perforata, Chlamydophorella neopilata, Chlamydophorella pilata, Corrudinium bujakii, Deflandrea totara, Disphaerogena morgansii, Graptodinium inconditum, Graptodinium reticulatum, Nummus inornatus, Operculodinium crouchii, Operculodinium schioleri, Operculodinium pulcher, Operculodinium vulgare, Phthanoperidinium aculeatum, Phthanoperidinium australe, Phthanoperidinium dentatum, Phthanoperidinium granulatum, Phthanoperidinium spumosum, Phthanoperidinium tenuimurum, Pyxidinopsis mundus, Pyxidinopsis teuriensis, Samlandia tenuis. Although there remain some difficulties where the adopted suprageneric phylogeny meets the traditionally phenetic generic constructs, adopting an explicitly phylogenetic approach to dinoflagellate taxonomy was found to be a fruitful approach. Investigation into some of the new taxa described herein was first prompted by geographic or temporal occurrence criteria which hinted that relationships might be other than those immediately suggested by gross morphology. Only upon closer inspection were subtler morphological distinctions noticed. To adopt a wholly phylogenetic approach almost certainly requires the abandonment of taxa, particularly genera, which are uniquely defined by mutually exclusive morphological criteria. Other clues to phylogeny, such as stratigraphic and regional occurrence data, may also have to be recognised. Notwithstanding, all taxa described herein are, in fact, defined by means of conventional morphological distinctions. This study does not take the bold step to suggest a new taxon based wholly on geographical and temporal criteria. Doing so, however, is clearly a rational extension to the ideas presented herein, and is thought worthy of further investigation. A subordinate goal of this study was to further refine the younger part of Wilson's dinoflagellate biozonation for New Zealand (Wilson 1984d, 1987, 1988; Morgans et al. 2004), to: improve resolution, if possible; clarify an ambiguous boundary remaining in the literature, between the Wetzeliella hampdenensis and Wilsonidium tabulatum zones; incorporate more common taxa, which are not restricted to particular ecological settings. This has been progressed by a number of measures, including adopting a consistent approach to defining zone boundaries; replacement of the Wilsonidium echinosuturatum and Wilsonidium lineidentatum Zones with three new zones, Deflandrea convexa (early Porangan - late Porangan), Graptodinium inconditum (late Porangan - early Bortonian), and Impagidinium elegans (early Bortonian - late Bortonian); and the establishment of an additional new zone, the Stoveracysta kakanuiensis Zone, straddling the Eocene-Oligocene boundary.</p>


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