scholarly journals THE LYSIS OF CELL WALLS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI BY STREPTOMYCES ALBUS ENZYME TREATED WITH DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard C. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Streptococcal Cell Wall ◽  
Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate ◽  
Streptomyces Albus ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Group A ◽  
A Cell

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) effectively inhibited proteolytic activity in preparations of partially purified Streptomyces albus enzyme used to lyse cell walls of Group A streptococci. Lysis of non-trypsinized Group A cell walls with DFP-treated S. albus enzyme released a soluble protein fraction containing antigenic type-specific M protein, a carbohydrate fraction consisting of Group A and a small amount of A-variant polysaccharides, and a dialyzable fraction. The similarities of the products of DFP-treated S. albus enzyme lysis of streptococcal cell walls to those released by phage muralytic enzyme furnish additional evidence of the close relationship of these wall lysins. In view of small differences in electrophoretic mobility, immunodiffusion, and chemical composition, it is suggested that Group A streptococcal cell wall polysaccharide dissolved by DFP-S. albus enzyme consists of a spectrum of molecules having the same immunological determinants but differing in content of conjugated mucopeptide.

scholarly journals THE LYSIS OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI BY EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES OF STREPTOMYCES ALBUS

1952 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maclyn McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Carbohydrate Component ◽  
Streptococcal Cell Wall ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Enzymatic Lysis ◽  
Streptomyces Albus ◽  
Group A ◽  
Isolated Cell

Cell wall preparations of uniform chemical constitution have been obtained from several strains of group A streptococci. The isolated cell walls are dissolved by the same fractions of the Streptomyces albus enzymes that are effective in the lysis of intact cells, and it is likely that enzymatic lysis of group A streptococci is effected by an attack on the cell wall. The streptococcal cell wall, as prepared in this study, consists of approximately two-thirds carbohydrate and one-third protein. Small amounts of other components may be present. The carbohydrate component, which is composed primarily of N-acetyl-glucosamine and rhamnose, is the group-specific C carbohydrate. The evidence indicates that one of the streptomyces enzymes is directed toward the carbohydrate component of the cell wall.

scholarly journals ENHANCED RESISTANCE TO STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION INDUCED IN MICE BY CELL WALL MUCOPEPTIDE

1965 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 877-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Rotta ◽  
Thomas J. Prendergast ◽  
Walter W. Karakawa ◽  
Charles K. Harmon ◽  
Richard M. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Streptococcal Infection ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Streptococcal Cell Wall ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Group A ◽  
Late Recovery ◽  
Fever Response ◽  
Virulent Group

The streptococcal cell wall mucopeptide when injected into mice either intraperitoneally or intravenously enhances the resitance to subsequent challenge with virulent Group A streptococci. Rabbits which are injected intravenously with solubilized mucopeptide develop a fever response which has a resemblance to that achieved with endotoxin. Mice which survive 6 to 7 weeks after challenge with virulent Group A streptococci yield at autopsy search Group A streptococci serologically identical to the challenge organisms. A preparative dose of cell walls injected into mice prior to challenge diminished this late recovery of streptococci. Group A-variant streptococci were recovered from mice which survived challenge and carried the organisms for several weeks. Filterable bacterial forms, which grew on L form media, were recovered from infected mice. The serologic type of the L forms was identical to that of the challenge organisms.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON STREPTOCOCCAL BACTERIOPHAGES

1968 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent A. Fischetti ◽  
John B. Zabriskie
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Viral Inactivation ◽  
Streptococcal Cell Wall ◽  
Group A ◽  
Isolated Cell ◽  
Virulent Group ◽  
Living Group

Evidence has been presented that Group C bacteriophages differ as to their inactivating site on the streptococcal cell wall. While all three phages adsorb to isolated cell walls, only the C1 phage was inactivated by enzymatically prepared group-specific carbohydrate. None of the Group C phages were inactivated by chemically extracted group-specific carbohydrate. In contrast, all virulent Group A streptococcal bacteriophages adsorbed only to living Group A streptococci. However, Group A temperate phages were able to adsorb to isolated cell walls but not to group-specific carbohydrate. While it has not been possible to identify the specific inactivating substance for the Group A virulent phages, certain pieces of evidence indirectly implicate the group-specific carbohydrate, specifically the N-acetylglucosamine moiety. The fact that Group A virulent phages failed to adsorb to heat-killed Group A streptococcal cells suggests that additional factors produced by the living cell are needed for complete viral inactivation.

Electron microscopy of the replicative events of A25 bacteriophages in group A streptococci

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Read ◽  
R. W. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Virulent Phage ◽  
Acid Pool ◽  
Group A ◽  
A Cell

The replicative events of a virulent phage (A25) infection of a group A Streptococcus (T253) were studied using the electron microscope. The first intracellular evidence of phage replication in a cell occurred 30 min after infection with arrest of cell division and increase in the nucleic acid pool. Phage heads were evident in the nucleic acid pool of the cells 45 min after infection. Release of phages occurred by splitting of the cell wall along discrete lines. This appeared to be at sites of active wall synthesis, i.e., near the region of septum formation. Many phage components were released but relatively few complete phages indicating a relatively inefficient replicative system.

scholarly journals Doubly Branched Hexasaccharide Epitope on the Cell Wall Polysaccharide of Group A Streptococci Recognized by Human and Rabbit Antisera

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 6383-6389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Michon ◽  
Samuel L. Moore ◽  
John Kim ◽  
Milan S. Blake ◽  
France-Isabelle Auzanneau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group B Streptococci ◽  
Group A ◽  
Streptococcal Polysaccharide ◽  
Synthetic Oligosaccharides ◽  
Group B ◽  
Dominant Epitope

ABSTRACT A number of epitope specificities associated with the cell wall polysaccharide antigen of group A streptococci were identified in a polyclonal rabbit antiserum induced in rabbits by whole group A streptococci and in polyclonal convalescent human antisera from children that had recovered from streptococcal A infections. The identification was achieved by using a series of synthetic oligosaccharides, glycoconjugates, and bacterial polysaccharide inhibitors to inhibit the binding of the group A helical polysaccharide to the polyclonal antisera. The exclusively dominant epitope expressed in the convalescent human antisera was the doubly branched extended helical hexasaccharide with the structure α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap(1→3)α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap. The hexasaccharide epitope also bound with the highest immunoreactivity to the rabbit antiserum. In contrast, the human antisera did not show significant binding to the singly branched pentasaccharide with the structure α-l-Rhap(1→2)α-l-Rhap(1→3)α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap or the branched trisaccharide α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap, although both these haptens bound significantly to the same rabbit antiserum, albeit with less immunoreactivity than the hexasaccharide. Inhibition studies using streptococcal group A and B rabbit antisera and the inhibitors indicated above also suggested that the group A carbohydrate, unlike the group B streptococcal polysaccharide, does not contain the disaccharide α-l-Rhap(1→2)α-l-Rhap motif at its nonreducing chain terminus, stressing the importance of mapping the determinant specificities of these two important streptococcal subcapsular group polysaccharides to fully understand the serological relationships between group A and group B streptococci.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF L FORMS AND PROTOPLASTS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

1963 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl H. Freimer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Membrane Fraction ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Differential Centrifugation ◽  
Bacterial Membranes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Antigenic Material ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Membrane Antigens ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Intact bacterial membranes have been isolated from protoplasts prepared from Group A streptococci by a cell wall-dissolving enzyme. A membrane fraction with identical chemical and serological properties has been obtained by differential centrifugation of mechanically disrupted streptococci. The membrane is chemically distinct from the cell wall and is composed of 72 per cent protein, 26 per cent lipid, and 2 per cent carbohydrate. Capillary precipitin tests and analysis by microdiffusion have demonstrated that the membrane contains antigens distinct from those of the cell wall and from those of the cytoplasm which it envelops. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that this antigenic material is common to the membranes of Group A streptococci, and that it can be distinguished by immunodiffusion from related antigenic substances present in membranes of several other serological groups of hemolytic streptococci. This antigenic material does not cross-react with the membrane antigens of other Gram-positive cocci.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF L FORMS AND PROTOPLASTS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

1959 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl H. Freimer ◽  
Richard M. Krause ◽  
Maclyn McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
M Protein ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group A ◽  
Isolated Cell ◽  
Streptococcal Strain

L forms of Group A streptococci have been isolated by the use of penicillin gradient agar plates. Osmotically fragile protoplasts of Group A streptococci have been obtained by the use of Group C phage-associated lysin which lyses Group A streptococci and their isolated cell walls. Membranes surrounding these enzymatically derived protoplasts have been isolated, and chemical and immunological studies indicate that they are free of cell wall carbohydrate and M protein. The streptococcal protoplasts reproduce as colonies which are morphologically indistinguishable from streptococcal L forms. Evidence is presented to show that these two streptococcal derivatives are serologically and physiologically related to each other as well as to the parent streptococcal strain from which they were isolated.

scholarly journals Modulation of the susceptibility of inbred and outbred rats to arthritis induced by cell walls of group A streptococci.

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 484-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
S K Anderle ◽  
J J Greenblatt ◽  
W J Cromartie ◽  
R Clark ◽  
J H Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group A
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