NONSPECIFIC FACTORS OF ORGANISM RESISTANCE IN PATIENTS WITH ERYSIPELAS

Summary. Aim. The article is aimed to assess the nonspecific factors of the body’s resistance in patients with erysipelas and in the development of sepsis in these patients. Materials and methods. 114 case histories of patients who underwent inpatient treatment in the center of purulent-septic surgery in the Non-profit municipal enterprise “City Hospital № 3” in Zaporizhzhia for the period 2019-2020 were analyzed. According to the forms of the disease, the patients were distributed as follows: erythematous — 24 (21.0 %), bullous — 28 (24.6 %), phlegmonous — 48 (42.1 %), necrotic — 14 (12.3 %). Recurrent cases of the disease were noted in 21 patients. From them: with erythematous form — 4 (16.7 %), bullous — 5 (17.9 %), phlegmonous — 9 (18.7 %), necrotic — 3 (21.4 %). Among 10 patients, the disease was complicated by sepsis. 6 patients died, mortality was 60 %. Results and their discussion. Depending on the detected disorders, the patients were divided into three groups: with uniformly activated immune status; with a suppressive type of immune response; with a mixed type of immune status, where with a normal or suppressive cellular link of immunity, activation of some indicators of the humoral link against the background of a normal or reduced level of complement is determined, which indicates the sensitization of T-cell populations with an antigen and the development of autoimmune processes. Conclusions. An increase in complement levels is an indicator of active antigen-antibody binding reactions in patients with erysipelas. Weak NBT-reaction in patients with sepsis indicates depletion of the enzymological activity of neutrophilic leukocytes and, to some extent, can serve as a predictor of a lethal outcome. An increase in the rates of phagocytosis is a prognostically favorable sign indicating the effective removal of the antigenic material of immune complexes from the patient’s body.

Bioorthogonal Protein Labelling Enables The Study Of Antigen Processing of Citrullinated and Carbamylated Auto-Antigens

Proteolysis is fundamental to many biological processes. In the immune system, it underpins the activation of the adaptive immune response: degradation of antigenic material into short peptides and presentation thereof...

Granulomatosis as a component of proliferative reactions in the liver and pancreas after partial hepatectomy in the setting of superinvasive opisthorchiasis

Introduction. Opisthorchiasis on the territory of Russia has a predominantly superinvasive form, i.e., the disease in hyperendemic foci proceeds with more severe manifestations and structural changes in the parasite’s ecological niche (liver, pancreas). With superinvasive opisthorchiasis (SO) in humans and animals, granulomatous infl ammation with the formation of granulomas is observed. Aimoftheresearch. To reveal the features of the granulomatous process in the liver and pancreas after partial hepatectomy in the setting of superinvasive opisthorchiasis in Syrian hamsters. Materials and methods. Research animals were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 180) — SO modeling by introducing into the stomach of 50 Opisthorchis (O.) felineus metacercariae, superinvasions with 50 O. felineus metacercariae were repeated on the 6, 16th days after the primary infestation; group 2 (n = 86) — modeling of SO according to the same scheme as for group 1, and partial hepatectomy (PHE) (removal of the median lobe of an organ, 17.3–17.7% from its mass) on the 16th day after the last superinvasion. The animals were removed from the experiment on 7, 16th, 23rd, 32nd, 38, 120, 240th day. The study of liver and pancreas preparations was carried out using histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical methods. Results. The types, morphogenesis, course, outcomes of granulomas in the liver and pancreas were revealed. The factors of granuloma formation were the secretome, eggs and metabolites of O. felineus in both experimental groups. Conclusion. Granulomatosis in superinvasive opisthorchiasis, including after PHE, is an emergent state of the parasite-host system due to the accumulation of antigenic material in an amount exceeding the nonequilibrium state in this system. The regenerative process in the group of animals after PHE in the SO setting does not affect granulomatous infl ammation and the formation of granulomas.

From "Leaky Gut" to Impaired Glia-neuron Communication in Depression

In the last three decades, the robust scientific data emerged, demonstrating that the immune-inflammatory response is a fundamental component of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Psychological stress and various inflammatory comorbidities contribute to such immune activation. Still, this is not uncommon that patients with depression do not have defined inflammatory comorbidities, and alternative mechanisms of immune activation need to take place. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, along with gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), constitutes the largest lymphatic organ in the human body and forms the biggest surface of contact with the external environment. It is also the most significant source of bacterial and food-derived antigenic material. There is a broad range of reciprocal interactions between the GI tract, intestinal microbiota, increased intestinal permeability, activation of immune-inflammatory response, and the CNS that has crucial implications in brain function and mental health. This intercommunication takes place within the microbiota-gut-immune-glia (MGIG) axis, and glial cells are the main orchestrator of this communication. A broad range of factors, including psychological stress, inflammation, dysbiosis and other, may compromise the permeability of this barrier. This leads to excessive bacterial translocation and the excessive influx of food-derived antigenic material that contributes to activation of the immune-inflammatory response and depressive psychopathology. This chapter summarizes the role of increased intestinal permeability in MDD and mechanisms of how the "leaky gut" may contribute to immune-inflammatory response in this disorder.

Immunological Mechanisms of Skin Protection

The review highlights the state of the skin as an organ of immunogenesis due to the presence in it of various populations of immunocompetent cells: T-, B-lymphocytes, NK- and dendritic cells, which are so important for the development of the immune response. This gives the skin the opportunity to perform a number of physiological functions important for the body: recognition of antigenic material and its elimination, extrathymic differentiation of immature cells into T-lymphocytes, immunological surveillance of tumor cells and others. The variety of cells included in the immune system of the skin, as well as the diversity of their functions explain the fact that at the skin level, all types of immunopathological syndromes (immunodeficiency, autoimmune, allergic, lymphoproliferative) can occur.

The Microbiota-gut-immune-glia (MGIG) Axis in Major Depression

There is robust evidence that major depression (MDD) is accompanied by a low-grade activation of the immune-inflammatory response system, which is involved in the pathophysiology of this disorder. It is also becoming apparent that glia cells are in reciprocal communication with neurons and orchestrate various neuromodulatory, homeostatic, metabolic, and immune mechanisms and have a crucial role in neuroinflammatory mechanisms in MDD. Those cells mediate the central nervous system (CNS) response to systemic inflammation and psychological stress, but at the same time, they may be an origin of the inflammatory response in the CNS. The sources of activation of the inflammatory response in MDD are immense, however, in recent years, it is becoming increasingly evident that the gastrointestinal tract with gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and increased intestinal permeability to bacterial LPS and food-derived antigens contribute to activation of low-grade inflammatory response with subsequent psychiatric manifestations. Furthermore, an excessive permeability to gut-derived antigenic material may lead to subsequent autoimmunities which are also known to be comorbid with MDD. In this chapter, we discuss fascinating interactions between the gastrointestinal tract, increased intestinal permeability, intestinal microbiota, and glia-neuron crosstalk, and their roles in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory hypothesis of MDD. To emphasize those crucial intercommunications for the brain functions, we propose the term of microbiota-gut-immune-glia (MGIG) axis.

Sarcoidosis induced by a color tattoo

Тhe article describes a case of skin sarcoidosis that began 3 years later at the site of a colored tattoo with further involvement of the intra-thoracic lymph nodes and pulmonary interstitium in the pathological process. Data on the composition of paints used for tattooing, the role of deposition of antigenic material in the der-mis, leading to a specific immune response, are presented. The clinic and diagnosis of this form of sarcoidosis are described in detail.

Bioorthogonal antigens allow the unbiased study of antigen processing and presentation

Proteolysis is fundamental to many biological processes. In the immune system, it underpins the activation of the adaptive immune response: degradation of antigenic material into short peptides and presentation thereof on major histocompatibility complexes, leads to activation of T-cells. This initiates the adaptive immune response against many pathogens.

Vaccine Ingredients: Components that Influence Vaccine Efficacy

Vaccination is defined as the administration of an antigenic material in order to stimulate the immune system, leading to the development of adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or reduce morbidity from a vast number of infections. This manuscript presents an analysis of vaccine types and vaccine substances, concentrating on individual components including the active ingredient, adjuvants, preservatives, stabilizers, inactivators, antibiotics, diluents and other substances. While many papers have been published on individual vaccine components, this review provides detail on a wide range of the most commonly-used vaccine ingredients and components that have been tested in clinical trials.

Оптимізація методів очистки та інактивації збудника каліцивірозу котів

Встановлено, що оптимальним методом одержання очищеного препарату каліцивірусу є осадження сульфатом амонію з подальшою очисткою антигенного матеріалу з використанням градієнтів концентрації сахарози, що дає можливість одержати очищений препарат збудника каліцивірозу котів, придатний для виготовлення антигену. Порівняльне вивчення режимів інактивації формаліну показало, що оптимальним для інактивації вірусу є вплив формаліну в кількості 0,2 % при температурі 37 °С і експозиції 72 години. We found that the best method of obtaining a purified preparation of calicivirus is ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by purification of the antigenic material using gradient sucrose concentration, which enables to obtain purified preparation pathogen, suitable for the production of antigen. Comparative study modes formalin inactivation showed that optimal for virus inactivation is the effect of formalin in an amount of 0,2 % at 37 °C and 72 hours of exposure.