STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION

India ink or graphite partides injected into an area of inflammation fail to disseminate to the tributary lymph nodes. When injected into a normal peritoneal cavity they rapidly appear in the retrosternal lymph nodes. When injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity they are fixed in situ and fail to reach the regional lymph nodes. Graphite particles injected in the circulating blood stream enter an inflamed area both as free particles owing to increased capillary permeability and also as phagocyted material within leucocytes. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected into inflamed tissue are fixed at the site of inflammation and fail to disseminate to the regional lymph nodes as readily as when injected into normal tissue. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected at the periphery of an inflamed area do not readily penetrate into the site of inflammation. The experiments furnish evidence, in addition to that already provided, that fixation of foreign substances by the inflammatory reaction is primarily due to mechanical obstruction caused by a fibrin network and by thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus and B. pyocyaneus) injected intravenously rapidly enter an inflamed area. It is suggested that localization of bacteria in a locus minoris resistentiae may be explained as the result of increased capillary permeability with subsequent accumulation and fixation of bacteria from the blood stream at the point of injury.

Download Full-text

STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.52.2.201 ◽

1930 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 201-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Valy Menkin

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Cavity ◽

Inflammatory Reaction ◽

Normal Tissue ◽

Horse Serum ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Foreign Protein

Foreign protein such as horse serum injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity penetrates into the blood stream less rapidly than when introduced into the normal cavity. Foreign protein injected into a cutaneous inflammatory area is held in situ for a longer period than when injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity. Foreign protein introduced into the circulating blood stream accumulates in an inflamed area, where it is found in greater concentration than in normal tissue. Accumulation of foreign protein at the site of inflammation explains the phenomenon of local anaphylaxis described by Auer in rabbits sensitized to horse serum. The antigen accumulating in the inflamed ear reacts with antibody, intensifies a pre-existing inflammatory reaction and produces necrosis of the ear.

Download Full-text

Role of fenestrated basement membrane in lymphatic absorption from peritoneal cavity

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.197.3.551 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 197 (3) ◽

pp. 551-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Lane Allen ◽

Tim Weatherford

Keyword(s):

Basement Membrane ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Peritoneal Cavity ◽

Intraperitoneal Injection ◽

Entire Population ◽

Polystyrene Spheres ◽

Lymphatic Absorption ◽

Regional Lymph Nodes ◽

Histological Picture

Polystyrene spheres with a range from chylomicron size up to 30 µ were injected into the peritoneal cavity of mouse, rat and cat, and were recovered from the regional lymph nodes. The largest recovered spheres in the mouse were 16.8 µ in diameter, in the rat and cat 24 µ. Inspection of the entire population of spheres recovered from lymph nodes 48 hours after intraperitoneal injection indicated that most of the fenestrations in the subperitoneal basement membrane are less than 5 µ in the mouse, and more than 5 µ in the cat. Fenestrations in the rat are intermediate between mouse and cat. The deductions as to fenestrations from inspection of the absorbed sphere populations is fairly well in accord with the histological picture in the mouse and cat. Many spheres reach the circulation and the larger ones are filtered out in the lungs, with resulting atelectasis.

Download Full-text

Translocation of particles from lung lobes or the peritoneal cavity to regional lymph nodes in beagle dogs

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health ◽

10.1080/15287398309530378 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 11 (4-6) ◽

pp. 703-712 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

M. B. Snipes ◽

B. A. Muggenburg ◽

D. E. Bice

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Peritoneal Cavity ◽

Beagle Dogs ◽

Regional Lymph Nodes ◽

Lung Lobes

Download Full-text

Septicemia and Enterocolitis Due To Shigella sonnei in a Newborn Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.42.3.529 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 529-531

Author(s):

Ernest N. Kraybill ◽

Guido Controni

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Large Bowel ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Shigella Sonnei ◽

Shigella Dysenteriae ◽

Regional Lymph Nodes ◽

First Case

Shigellosis has been considered an infection usually limited to the mucosa and lumen of the large bowel with occasional involvement of regional lymph nodes. This is undoubtedly true in most cases, but well documented instances of bacteremia associated with severe systemic illnessl-5 suggest that significant blood stream invasion can occur. In the majority of cases the bacteremia was due to Shigella fiexneri or Shigella dysenteriae. Three cases of Shigella sonnei septicemia in children6-8 and one case in an adult9 have been reported. Recently, the first case report of meningitis and septicemia due to this organism in a newborn infant was published.10

Download Full-text

THE FATE OF A VIRULENT HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS INJECTED INTO THE SKIN OF NORMAL AND IMMUNIZED RABBITS

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.64.1.131 ◽

1936 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 131-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. Murray Angevine

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Internal Organs ◽

Regional Lymph Nodes ◽

Inguinal Lymph Nodes ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Gross Lesions ◽

Short Time ◽

Highly Virulent ◽

Normal Controls

1. Hemolytic streptococci, highly virulent for rabbits, when injected into the skin of normal animals increased greatly in number at the site of injection during the first 12 hours, diminished somewhat after 24 hours but still persisted after 21 days. They produced large abscesses within 24 hours, there was ulceration, and healing occurred after about 5 weeks. Histological observations confirmed the bacteriological evidence that the streptococci underwent great multiplication at the site of their injection. 2. Virulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits appeared in small numbers within 1 hour in the lymph nodes. As multiplication proceeded in the skin, hemolytic streptococci were found in large numbers from 1 hour to 7 days after inoculation in the inguinal lymph nodes. 3. Hemolytic streptococci were recovered from deeper lymph nodes, that is, from the iliac nodes, but only in animals of which the inguinal lymph nodes contained bacteria in relatively large numbers. 4. Virulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits in some instances entered the blood stream in considerable number, and occasionally caused death with bacteremia. Streptococci were recovered more frequently from the spleen and were present in this organ only when they had been recovered from the deep (iliac) lymph nodes. 5. When virulent hemolytic streptococci were injected into the skin of immunized rabbits, in a few instances they increased in number for a short time, but usually diminished rapidly and had entirely disappeared in 48 hours. The gross lesions were smaller than in normal rabbits. There was more phagocytosis, and redness and edema had disappeared after 48 hours. 6. When virulent streptococci were injected into the skin of immune rabbits they passed to the regional lymph nodes in relatively smaller numbers than in the previously normal controls and appeared in these nodes in considerable numbers only in animals in which there had been conspicuous multiplication at the site of inoculation. No streptococci could be found in the iliac lymph node, blood or spleen. 7. Virulent streptococci injected into the skin of normal animals multiply actively, resist phagocytosis, invade the tissues widely, enter adjacent and distant lymph nodes and in some instances are distributed by the blood stream to internal organs. After immunization associated with some sensitization, virulent streptococci are more readily ingested by phagocytes, remain sharply localized, are rapidly destroyed, fail to pass the nearest lymph nodes and do not enter the blood stream.

Download Full-text

HER2 status in primary tumors and metastatic regional lymph nodes in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC).

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.4071 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 4071-4071

Author(s):

Harry H. Yoon ◽

Qian Shi ◽

William R. Sukov ◽

Christopher A. Sattler ◽

Rakhee Vaidya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Targeted Therapy ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Her2 Status ◽

Her2 Amplification ◽

Her2 Gene ◽

Her2 Positive ◽

Regional Lymph Nodes ◽

Primary Tumors ◽

Routine Procedures

4071 Background: Selection of patients for HER2-targeted therapy is based on HER2 analysis in primary EACs. Since EACs metastasize via regional lymph nodes, concordance of HER2 gene amplification results between primary tumors and their metastatic lymph nodes (MLN) is a clinically important issue. Methods: Resected EACs (N = 103) having at least three distinct regional MLNs (total 508 MLNs; median 4 [range 3-11]) were sectioned using routine procedures and tested for HER2 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Primary tumors were also evaluated for HER2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by FISH. Amplification was defined as HER2/CEP17 ≥ 2. IHC was scored as 0, 1+, 2+, or 3+. Primaries whose HER2 status was positive by both FISH and IHC (ie, amplified and IHC3+), or negative by both (ie, nonamplified and IHC0-1+), were selected. HER2 status was compared between primaries and their MLNs (kappa). Results: Concordant HER2 results between primaries and their MLNs were found in 92% (95/103) of EACs (Table; κ = .76 [95% CI .60 - .92]). However, among patients with HER2-positive primaries, 19% (4/21) had HER2-nonamplified MLNs; among these cases, either all MLNs were HER2-nonamplified (n = 2), or both HER2-nonamplified and –amplified MLNs were present (n = 2). Among HER2-negative primary EACs, 5% (4/82) of cases had MLNs that were all HER2-amplified (n = 3) or both HER2-nonamplified and -amplified (n = 1). Conclusions: A patient subset whose primary EACs were HER2-positive (by both FISH and IHC) were unexpectedly found to lack HER2 amplification in corresponding MLNs. Conversely, a subgroup with HER2-negative primaries had HER2-amplified MLNs, and would have been deemed ineligible for HER2-targeted therapy. These preliminary data suggest that evaluating MLNs in resected EACs has the potential to better identify patients who benefit from HER2-targeted therapy. [Table: see text]

Download Full-text

ON THE PRESENCE OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.16.6.770 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 770-777

Author(s):

Herbert A. Wenner ◽

Paul Kamitsuka

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Lymphatic Tissue ◽

Regional Lymph Nodes ◽

Poliomyelitis Virus

Fifteen fatal human illnesses caused by poliomyelitis viruses were studied in an effort to evaluate the position of lymphatic tissue in the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis. Poliomyelitis virus was detected in various regional lymph nodes obtained from 12 of 15 fatal cases. Evidence that poliomyelitis virus multiplied in lymphatic tissue was not obtained. The findings indicated that the quantity of available virus was significantly less in lymph nodes than in CNS tissues or in the contents of the gastrointestinal tract. The data obtained in 5 patients indicated that substantial amounts of virus were not bound in situ by homotypic antibody.

Download Full-text

Microvasculature and structure of hemal lymph nodes in the wall of the rabbit bladder: a vascular corrosion casting and EM study

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100141743 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 1074-1075

Author(s):

F.E. Hossler ◽

M.I. McKamey ◽

F.C. Monson

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Corrosion Casting ◽

Fixed Tissue ◽

Infusion Pressure ◽

India Ink ◽

Cacodylate Buffer ◽

Rabbit Bladder ◽

Lateral Walls ◽

Comprehensive Study

A comprehensive study of the microvasculature of the normal rabbit bladder, revealed unusual "capillary glomeruli" along the lateral walls. Here they are characterized as hemal lymph nodes using light microscopy, SEM, TEM, ink injection, and vascular casting.Bladders were perfused via a cannula placed in the abdominal aorta with either 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) for fixation, 10% India ink in 0.9% saline and 0.1M phosphate (pH 7.4) for vessel tracing, or resin (Mercoximethylmethacrylate: catalyst, 4:1:0.3; Ladd Research Industries) for vascular corrosion casting. Infusion pressure was 100mm Hg. Fixed tissue was sectioned from epon-araldyte resin, and stained with toluidine blue for light microscopy, and lead and uranium for TEM. Ink injected tissue was photographed directly from saline-filled bladders illuminated from below. Resin-filled tissue was macerated in 5% KOH and distilled water. Casts were critical point dried, sputter coated with goldpalladium, and examined by routine SEM at 10 KV.

Download Full-text