scholarly journals STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION

1930 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valy Menkin
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Foreign Protein

Foreign protein such as horse serum injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity penetrates into the blood stream less rapidly than when introduced into the normal cavity. Foreign protein injected into a cutaneous inflammatory area is held in situ for a longer period than when injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity. Foreign protein introduced into the circulating blood stream accumulates in an inflamed area, where it is found in greater concentration than in normal tissue. Accumulation of foreign protein at the site of inflammation explains the phenomenon of local anaphylaxis described by Auer in rabbits sensitized to horse serum. The antigen accumulating in the inflamed ear reacts with antibody, intensifies a pre-existing inflammatory reaction and produces necrosis of the ear.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION

1931 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valy Menkin
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Capillary Permeability ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
India Ink ◽  
Fibrin Network ◽  
Free Particles

India ink or graphite partides injected into an area of inflammation fail to disseminate to the tributary lymph nodes. When injected into a normal peritoneal cavity they rapidly appear in the retrosternal lymph nodes. When injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity they are fixed in situ and fail to reach the regional lymph nodes. Graphite particles injected in the circulating blood stream enter an inflamed area both as free particles owing to increased capillary permeability and also as phagocyted material within leucocytes. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected into inflamed tissue are fixed at the site of inflammation and fail to disseminate to the regional lymph nodes as readily as when injected into normal tissue. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected at the periphery of an inflamed area do not readily penetrate into the site of inflammation. The experiments furnish evidence, in addition to that already provided, that fixation of foreign substances by the inflammatory reaction is primarily due to mechanical obstruction caused by a fibrin network and by thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus and B. pyocyaneus) injected intravenously rapidly enter an inflamed area. It is suggested that localization of bacteria in a locus minoris resistentiae may be explained as the result of increased capillary permeability with subsequent accumulation and fixation of bacteria from the blood stream at the point of injury.

scholarly journals Studies in Experimental Eosinophilia. I. Repeated Quantitation of Peritoneal Eosinophilia in Guinea Pigs by a Method of Peritoneal Lavage

Blood ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1318-1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
MORTIMER LITT
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Human Serum Albumin ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Peritoneal Lavage ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Foreign Protein ◽  
Biphasic Response

Abstract A method is described for studying peritoneal cosinophilia quantitatively in guinea pigs. With repeated lavaging of the peritoneal cavity, the total number of eosinophils accumulating locally each day can be precisely measured. This procedure can be repeated indefinitely in individual animals. Peritoneal eosinophilia was induced by prolonged series of weekly intraperitoneal injections of horse serum, Limulus hemocyanin or human serum albumin. The response was evident during the first three days following reinjection of foreign protein and ceased by the fourth to the twelfth day. The response was specific, occurring only after reinjection of the same protein used to prepare the animals. With continued injections, the magnitude of the eosinophil response became greater. While the total cell values attained varied considerably from animal to animal, the relative responsiveness of an individual guinea pig remained fairly consistent for months. In the bone marrow, an increased concentration of eosinophils was found in guinea pigs in which peritoneal eosinophilia could be elicited. In the blood stream, the reinjection of horse serum resulted in a biphasic response: there was an increase in the concentration of eosinophils during the first 12 hours and again at various times during the next seven days. Peritoneal exudates were obtained frequently in which as many as 40 per cent of the cells were eosinophils; such exudates commonly contained as many as 50 million eosinophils.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION

1931 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valy Menkin
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Mechanical Obstruction

Trypan blue injected into the circulating blood stream of frogs accumulates rapidly in an inflamed area. When trypan blue is injected directly into the area of inflammation it is fixed in situ and fails to diffuse outward. If the dye is injected at the periphery of an inflamed area it fails to enter the site of inflammation. This failure of penetration is caused by the occlusion of lymphatic vessels and the presence of a network of fibrin in the inflamed area. These experiments furnish additional evidence that fixation of foreign substances by the inflammatory reaction is due to mechanical obstruction caused by a network of fibrin and by thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation.

Electron Microscopy of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 258-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Boatman ◽  
G. E. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
The Family

Information concerning the morphology and replication of organism of the family Mycoplasmataceae remains, despite over 70 years of study, highly controversial. Due to their small size observations by light microscopy have not been rewarding. Furthermore, not only are these organisms extremely pleomorphic but their morphology also changes according to growth phase. This study deals with the morphological aspects of M. pneumoniae strain 3546 in relation to growth, interaction with HeLa cells and possible mechanisms of replication.The organisms were grown aerobically at 37°C in a soy peptone yeast dialysate medium supplemented with 12% gamma-globulin free horse serum. The medium was buffered at pH 7.3 with TES [N-tris (hyroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid] at 10mM concentration. The inoculum, an actively growing culture, was filtered through a 0.5 μm polycarbonate “nuclepore” filter to prevent transfer of all but the smallest aggregates. Growth was assessed at specific periods by colony counts and 800 ml samples of organisms were fixed in situ with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 3 hrs. at 4°C. Washed cells for sectioning were post-fixed in 0.8% OSO4 in veronal-acetate buffer pH 6.1 for 1 hr. at 21°C. HeLa cells were infected with a filtered inoculum of M. pneumoniae and incubated for 9 days in Leighton tubes with coverslips. The cells were then removed and processed for electron microscopy.

scholarly journals Digital dynamic discrimination of primary colorectal cancer using systemic indocyanine green with near-infrared endoscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Dalli ◽  
Eamon Loughman ◽  
Niall Hardy ◽  
Anwesha Sarkar ◽  
Mohammad Faraz Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indocyanine Green ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Malignant Lesion ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Video Tracking ◽  
Continuous Stream ◽  
Rich Data

AbstractAs indocyanine green (ICG) with near-infrared (NIR) endoscopy enhances real-time intraoperative tissue microperfusion appreciation, it may also dynamically reveal neoplasia distinctively from normal tissue especially with video software fluorescence analysis. Colorectal tumours of patients were imaged mucosally following ICG administration (0.25 mg/kg i.v.) using an endo-laparoscopic NIR system (PINPOINT Endoscopic Fluorescence System, Stryker) including immediate, continuous in situ visualization of rectal lesions transanally for up to 20 min. Spot and dynamic temporal fluorescence intensities (FI) were quantified using ImageJ (including videos at one frame/second, fps) and by a bespoke MATLAB® application that provided digitalized video tracking and signal logging at 30fps (Fluorescence Tracker App downloadable via MATLAB® file exchange). Statistical analysis of FI-time plots compared tumours (benign and malignant) against control during FI curve rise, peak and decline from apex. Early kinetic FI signal measurement delineated discriminative temporal signatures from tumours (n = 20, 9 cancers) offering rich data for analysis versus delayed spot measurement (n = 10 cancers). Malignant lesion dynamic curves peaked significantly later with a shallower gradient than normal tissue while benign lesions showed significantly greater and faster intensity drop from apex versus cancer. Automated tracker quantification efficiently expanded manual results and provided algorithmic KNN clustering. Photobleaching appeared clinically irrelevant. Analysis of a continuous stream of intraoperatively acquired early ICG fluorescence data can act as an in situ tumour-identifier with greater detail than later snapshot observation alone. Software quantification of such kinetic signatures may distinguish invasive from non-invasive neoplasia with potential for real-time in silico diagnosis.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION

1933 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valy Menkin
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mechanical Obstruction ◽  
Cutaneous Inflammation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

Trypan blue injected into an area of cutaneous inflammation induced by Staphylococcus aureus failed to drain readily to the tributary lymphatics when the dye was injected as early as 1 hour after the inoculation of the microorganisms. Trypan blue introduced into an area of cutaneous inflammation induced by Pneumococcus Type I was retained in situ when the dye was injected about 6 or more hours after the inoculation of the bacteria. When an area of cutaneous inflammation was induced by the inoculation of a culture of Streptococcus hemolyticus, trypan blue injected into it drained readily to the tributary lymphatics for the first 30 hours following the onset of the inflammatory reaction. When the inflammation had lasted for 45 hours or longer, the dye was fixed in situ and failed in most instances to reach readily the tributary lymphatics. The rapidity of fixation of the dye in the instances given would appear to depend on mechanical obstruction in the form of both a fibrinous network and thrombosed lymphatics or thrombosed lymphatics alone at the site of inflammation. Inasmuch as staphylococci, pneumococci, and streptococci spread from the site of cutaneous inoculation primarily through lymphatic channels, the difference in the rapidity with which mechanical obstruction is set up in the areas inflamed by them will help to explain the differing invasive abilities of these pyogenic organisms.

Expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene in human lung tumours and normal tissue as determined by in situ hybridisation

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1705-1709 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Thomas ◽  
M.A. Barrand ◽  
S. Stewart ◽  
P.H. Rabbits ◽  
E.D. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Lung Tumours

scholarly journals MULTIPLICATION AND SURVIVAL OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN THE ORGANS OF MICE

1953 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia H. Pierce ◽  
René J. Dubos ◽  
Werner B. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Different Levels

Cultures of tubercle bacilli (typical bovine and human strains) known to differ in the severity of the lesions they induce in experimental animals, were injected in various doses into the cerebrum, peritoneal cavity, or blood stream of mice. Quantitative determinations of the numbers of living bacilli present in the tissues at different intervals of time after infection led to the following classification of the cultures tested:— (a) Certain well known variant forms of tubercle bacilli were found to be unable to multiply in vivo, although they could survive for many weeks in the tissues of mice. These organisms proved to be truly avirulent. (b) Other variant forms underwent multiplication in vivo, even when extremely small infective doses were used, but could not give rise to progressive disease. It is proposed to designate these strains, which produce only abortive infections, as "attenuated." Different levels of attenuation could be detected. The maximum numbers of living bacilli that were recovered from the tissues corresponded directly to the severity and duration of the abortive lesions that could be produced by the strain in guinea pigs or in mice and were characteristic for each strain tested. The two BCG substrains tested were found to differ markedly in their level of attenuation. (c) The cultures virulent for guinea pigs were also capable of establishing a progressive infection in mice even when small infective doses were used. In the case of the attenuated and virulent strains, the population of living bacilli present in the lungs was at first much lower than that in the spleen, but it continued to increase in the former organs throughout the period of observation. This was notably true in the case of the virulent cultures. In contrast, the numbers of living bacilli in the spleen rapidly reached a maximum in the case of all cultures and then decreased progressively. For a given infective dose, and a given interval of time after inoculation, the maximum levels of living bacterial population attained in the spleen and in the lungs proved to be a direct expression of the virulence of the strain.

In Situ Hybridization in Cancer and Normal Tissue

2003 ◽  
pp. 51-72
Author(s):  
Shrihari Kadkol ◽  
Jeremy Juang ◽  
Tzyy-choou Wu
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Normal Tissue

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF UNDERNOURISHMENT ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE RABBIT TO INFECTION WITH VACCINIA

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Sprunt
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Available Nutrients ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution

Experiments are reported in which it is shown that if rabbits are deprived of food, the lesions resulting from injection of vaccinia are either fewer or smaller; presumably this is partially explainable on reduction of available nutrients in the cell. The number and character of the lesions are also modified by the state of hydration of the interstitial tissues: If the amount of interstitial fluid is increased by permitting the animal to drink water, the lesions are even less numerous; but if the interstitial tissues are dehydrated either by withholding water or by injecting physiological saline solution into the peritoneal cavity, then the lesions are more numerous. The increase in interstitial fluids in these experiments was not due to decreased plasma proteins, for these were normal. In this respect, therefore, the rabbit differs from man, for unless the plasma proteins are reduced, simple starvation in man results in dehydration rather than edema of the tissues. From these experiments it is concluded that the virus is less able to multiply in the poorly nourished cell than in the well nourished one, and that hydration of the tissues increases the resistance of the tissue to infection while dehydration has the opposite effect. It is suggested that this is because hydration tends to localize the virus in situ, with result that fewer cells are exposed to it, while dehydration has the opposite effect. However, actual changes in cell susceptibility consequent upon altered water balance may be responsible for the effect.

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