THE FATE OF A VIRULENT HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS INJECTED INTO THE SKIN OF NORMAL AND IMMUNIZED RABBITS

1. Hemolytic streptococci, highly virulent for rabbits, when injected into the skin of normal animals increased greatly in number at the site of injection during the first 12 hours, diminished somewhat after 24 hours but still persisted after 21 days. They produced large abscesses within 24 hours, there was ulceration, and healing occurred after about 5 weeks. Histological observations confirmed the bacteriological evidence that the streptococci underwent great multiplication at the site of their injection. 2. Virulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits appeared in small numbers within 1 hour in the lymph nodes. As multiplication proceeded in the skin, hemolytic streptococci were found in large numbers from 1 hour to 7 days after inoculation in the inguinal lymph nodes. 3. Hemolytic streptococci were recovered from deeper lymph nodes, that is, from the iliac nodes, but only in animals of which the inguinal lymph nodes contained bacteria in relatively large numbers. 4. Virulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits in some instances entered the blood stream in considerable number, and occasionally caused death with bacteremia. Streptococci were recovered more frequently from the spleen and were present in this organ only when they had been recovered from the deep (iliac) lymph nodes. 5. When virulent hemolytic streptococci were injected into the skin of immunized rabbits, in a few instances they increased in number for a short time, but usually diminished rapidly and had entirely disappeared in 48 hours. The gross lesions were smaller than in normal rabbits. There was more phagocytosis, and redness and edema had disappeared after 48 hours. 6. When virulent streptococci were injected into the skin of immune rabbits they passed to the regional lymph nodes in relatively smaller numbers than in the previously normal controls and appeared in these nodes in considerable numbers only in animals in which there had been conspicuous multiplication at the site of inoculation. No streptococci could be found in the iliac lymph node, blood or spleen. 7. Virulent streptococci injected into the skin of normal animals multiply actively, resist phagocytosis, invade the tissues widely, enter adjacent and distant lymph nodes and in some instances are distributed by the blood stream to internal organs. After immunization associated with some sensitization, virulent streptococci are more readily ingested by phagocytes, remain sharply localized, are rapidly destroyed, fail to pass the nearest lymph nodes and do not enter the blood stream.

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STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.53.5.647 ◽

1931 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

pp. 647-660 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Valy Menkin

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Peritoneal Cavity ◽

Normal Tissue ◽

Capillary Permeability ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Regional Lymph Nodes ◽

India Ink ◽

Fibrin Network ◽

Free Particles

India ink or graphite partides injected into an area of inflammation fail to disseminate to the tributary lymph nodes. When injected into a normal peritoneal cavity they rapidly appear in the retrosternal lymph nodes. When injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity they are fixed in situ and fail to reach the regional lymph nodes. Graphite particles injected in the circulating blood stream enter an inflamed area both as free particles owing to increased capillary permeability and also as phagocyted material within leucocytes. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected into inflamed tissue are fixed at the site of inflammation and fail to disseminate to the regional lymph nodes as readily as when injected into normal tissue. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected at the periphery of an inflamed area do not readily penetrate into the site of inflammation. The experiments furnish evidence, in addition to that already provided, that fixation of foreign substances by the inflammatory reaction is primarily due to mechanical obstruction caused by a fibrin network and by thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus and B. pyocyaneus) injected intravenously rapidly enter an inflamed area. It is suggested that localization of bacteria in a locus minoris resistentiae may be explained as the result of increased capillary permeability with subsequent accumulation and fixation of bacteria from the blood stream at the point of injury.

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The effect of feeding pigs on food naturally contaminated with salmonellae

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0022172400038523 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 381-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

H. Williams Smith

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Muscular Tissue ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Internal Organs ◽

Pathological Lesions ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Contaminated Food ◽

Short Time ◽

Effect Of Feeding

1. The course of events following the feeding of salmonella-free pigs on food naturally contaminated with salmonellae has been followed. The pigs were killed at varying times after the commencement of the experiment and their organs examined for salmonellae.2. None of the pigs showed any signs of ill-health and no pathological lesions were observed in them when they were killed. Salmonellae were found, however, in very small numbers in the mesenteric lymph nodes of some of them but not in any of their other internal organs or in their muscular tissue. The longer the pigs were fed on the contaminated food the more likely were their mesenteric lymph nodes to be infected.3. Salmonellae were isolated from time to time from the faeces of the pigs but there was no suggestion of any of the pigs becoming permanent faecal excreters of these organisms.4. Six pigs were retained for a short time after the use of the contaminated food was discontinued. Salmonellae were never found in their faeces and when they were killed the mesenteric lymph nodes of only one of them was found to be infected.5. The results are discussed from the agricultural and public health viewpoints.

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Septicemia and Enterocolitis Due To Shigella sonnei in a Newborn Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.42.3.529 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 529-531

Author(s):

Ernest N. Kraybill ◽

Guido Controni

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Large Bowel ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Shigella Sonnei ◽

Shigella Dysenteriae ◽

Regional Lymph Nodes ◽

First Case

Shigellosis has been considered an infection usually limited to the mucosa and lumen of the large bowel with occasional involvement of regional lymph nodes. This is undoubtedly true in most cases, but well documented instances of bacteremia associated with severe systemic illnessl-5 suggest that significant blood stream invasion can occur. In the majority of cases the bacteremia was due to Shigella fiexneri or Shigella dysenteriae. Three cases of Shigella sonnei septicemia in children6-8 and one case in an adult9 have been reported. Recently, the first case report of meningitis and septicemia due to this organism in a newborn infant was published.10

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THE INDUCED DEVELOPMENT AND HISTOGENESIS OF PLASMA CELLS

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.54.3.333 ◽

1931 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 333-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Franklin R. Miller

Keyword(s):

Connective Tissue ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Plasma Cell ◽

Plasma Cells ◽

Protein A ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Progressive Increase ◽

Tissue Cell ◽

Direct Stimulation ◽

Large Numbers

As result of finding numerous plasma cells in the omenta of rabbits injected with tuberculo-protein, a method to induce the production of large numbers of these cells has been discovered. The tissues in which they were pronouncedly increased were the subserosal connective tissues of the omentum, body wall, and intestinal wall. The precursor of the plasma cells is a primitive connective tissue cell. As this cell develops into the typical Marshalkó plasma cell there is a progressive increase in the basophilia of the cytoplasm, the nucleus becomes eccentric, a condensation of the chromatin occurs near the nuclear membrane, and there is a loss of the nucleoli. At the time when the nucleus assumes the eccentric position, the clear area appears in the center of the cytoplasm. The early cells are capable of reproducing themselves by mitosis, while the typical mature cells divide by amitosis. The mature plasma cells often have muddy, spongy cytoplasm which contains acidophilic or hyaline granules as the cells grow old or begin to degenerate. The cells with granules or hyaline bodies usually have pycnotic or fragmented nuclei. These cells are the final stage reached by some plasma cells. Others, when degenerating, show vacuoles and signs of senility. Those with the granules and hyaline bodies are the so called Russell body cells. Plasma cells developed in greatest numbers after our largest injections of tuberculo-protein. The differentiation into young, mature, and senile forms was most clearly recognizable when some days had been allowed to elapse after the last large injection of the stimulating agent. A description of the plasma cell as viewed supravitally has been given. The cells are met in the blood stream as well as in the tissues. They are characterized by their deep yellowish gray cytoplasm, indistinct eccentrically placed nuclei, and large numbers of mitochondria. The plasma cells differ from lymphocytes, in that they did not develop in large numbers after direct stimulation of the lymph nodes with tuberculo-protein. The young plasma cells also differ in morphology from the young lymphocytes. When plasma cells were found in the lymph nodes they were in the connective tissue cords. The plasma cell is a definite entity, having a maturation cycle. It is stimulated to great proliferation by certain toxic irritants.

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THE FATE OF AVIRULENT HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI INJECTED INTO THE SKIN OF NORMAL AND SENSITIZED RABBITS

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.60.3.269 ◽

1934 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 269-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Murray Angevine

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Inflammatory Reaction ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Inguinal Lymph Node ◽

Avirulent Strain ◽

Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽

Internal Organs ◽

Regional Lymph Nodes ◽

Local Injury

1. A relatively avirulent strain of hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits seldom diminished and usually increased in number during the first 5 hours after inoculation but after 12 hours save in exceptional instances the organisms diminished rapidly and disappeared. 2. Hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits passed rapidly from the site of injection to the regional lymph nodes from which they were recovered in considerable number within 15 minutes. Passage of bacteria from the skin of the abdomen to the inguinal lymph node was greatest within 2 hours after injection and gradually decreased so that few organisms were recovered from the lymph nodes after 7 hours. 3. Hemolytic streptococci that reached the inguinal lymph node passed in small numbers to the distal or iliac lymph node, but this passage save in exceptional instances of progressive infection was limited to a period within 1 hour after inoculation. 4. Avirulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal animals penetrated into the blood; they were seldom recovered from the circulating blood but were more frequently found in the spleen. 5. When hemolytic streptococci were injected into the skin of sensitized rabbits they multiplied at the site of injection during the first 5 hours after inoculation and at corresponding time intervals a larger number of organisms were recovered from the sensitized than from normal control animals. Streptococci diminished and disappeared earlier from the skin of control than from that of sensitized rabbits. 6. Hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of the flank of sensitized rabbits reached the inguinal lymph node in much smaller numbers than in normal rabbits, and this passage from the site of injection to the lymph node save in an occasional instance of progressive local infection ceased after the 1st hour. No streptococci passed from the inguinal to the iliac lymph nodes of sensitized animals and none were found in the blood or internal organs. 7. Histological examination showed that the inflammatory reaction following the injection of hemolytic streptococci into rabbits sensitized to this organism began sooner than in the normal animal; edema was more extensive and both polymorphonuclear leucocytes and large mononuclear cells appeared sooner. The lesion of a sensitized animal was more sharply circumscribed and there was necrosis of tissue, seldom seen in the normal animals. 8. In sensitized animals local injury with necrosis favors the multiplication of relatively avirulent streptococci at the site of entry and explains their survival at a time when they have disappeared in the controls. 9. In association with greater local injury and a more intense inflammatory reaction in the sensitized animal as compared with the normal streptococci are fixed at their site of entry; they pass to adjacent lymph nodes in much smaller number and fail to reach the blood and internal organs.

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Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes for Screening Dead Pigs for African Swine Fever

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v14010083 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Kalhari Bandara Goonewardene ◽

Chukwunonso Onyilagha ◽

Melissa Goolia ◽

Van Phan Le ◽

Sandra Blome ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Animal Health ◽

African Swine Fever ◽

Inguinal Lymph Nodes ◽

Copy Numbers ◽

Routine Surveillance ◽

World Organization ◽

Opening Up ◽

Highly Virulent ◽

Level Monitoring

African swine fever (ASF) has spread across the globe and has reached closer to North America since being reported in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. As a result, surveillance measures have been heightened and the utility of alternative samples for herd-level monitoring and dead pig sampling have been investigated. Passive surveillance based on the investigation of dead pigs, both domestic and wild, plays a pivotal role in the early detection of an ASF incursion. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-recommended samples for dead pigs are spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung, tonsil and kidney. However, obtaining these samples requires opening up the carcasses, which is time-consuming, requires skilled labour and often leads to contamination of the premises. As a result, we investigated the suitability of superficial inguinal lymph nodes (SILNs) for surveillance of dead animals. SILNs can be collected in minutes with no to minimum environmental contamination. Here, we demonstrate that the ASF virus (ASFV) genome copy numbers in SILNs highly correlate with those in the spleen and, by sampling SILN, we can detect all pigs that succumb to highly virulent and moderately virulent ASFV strains (100% sensitivity). ASFV was isolated from all positive SILN samples. Thus, sampling SILNs could be useful for routine surveillance of dead pigs on commercial and backyard farms, holding pens and dead on arrival at slaughter houses, as well as during massive die-offs of pigs due to unknown causes.

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Radiation synovectomy of the knee joint

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1623935 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 45 (01) ◽

pp. 57-61

Author(s):

M. Puille ◽

D. Steiner ◽

R. Bauer ◽

R. Klett

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Radiation Synovectomy ◽

Real Activity ◽

Anterior View ◽

Inguinal Lymph Nodes ◽

The Real ◽

Therapeutic Modalities ◽

Real Value

Summary Aim: Multiple procedures for the quantification of activity leakage in radiation synovectomy of the knee joint have been described in the literature. We compared these procedures considering the real conditions of dispersion and absorption using a corpse phantom. Methods: We simulated different distributions of the activity in the knee joint and a different extra-articular spread into the inguinal lymph nodes. The activity was measured with a gammacamera. Activity leakage was calculated by measuring the retention in the knee joint only using an anterior view, using the geometric mean of anterior and posterior views, or using the sum of anterior and posterior views. The same procedures were used to quantify the activity leakage by measuring the activity spread into the inguinal lymph nodes. In addition, the influence of scattered rays was evaluated. Results: For several procedures we found an excellent association with the real activity leakage, shown by an r² between 0.97 and 0.98. When the real value of the leakage is needed, e. g. in dosimetric studies, simultaneously measuring of knee activity and activity in the inguinal lymph nodes in anterior and posterior views and calculation of the geometric mean with exclusion of the scatter rays was found to be the procedure of choice. Conclusion: When measuring of activity leakage is used for dosimetric calculations, the above-described procedure should be used. When the real value of the leakage is not necessary, e. g. for comparing different therapeutic modalities, several of the procedures can be considered as being equivalent.

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