Gross, Histomorphological and Scanning Electronic Microscopic Studies on Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue of Intestine of Pati Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Assam

Background: The study on Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) of Pati duck of Assam is of great value in regard to normal academic and bio-medical research aspects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gross, histomorphological and scanning electronic microscopic examination of gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the intestine of Pati duck at different age group. Methods: For this study, forty five Pati ducks were divided into five groups depending on its age viz., 1st week, 4th week, 16th week, 24th week and 42nd weeks old. The pieces of gut having lymphoid tissue or Peyer’s patches were collected immediately after slaughter. These samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and were processed as per the standard technique of procedure (Luna, 1968). The paraffin blocks were sectioned in Shandon Finesse microtome at 5 µm thickness and the sections were stained with Mayer’s Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique for Cellular details, Van Gieson’s method for collagen fibres, Gomori’s method for reticular fibres, Hart’s method for elastic fibres and Bielchowsky’s method for axis cylinder and dendrites as per the method of Luna (1968). Result: Gut-associated lymphoid tissue was found in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and the terminal part of the rectum in all the age group of Pati duck. The lymphoid compartment of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue in duck included a follicular structure, dome, follicle associated epithelia and interfollicular area. Lamina propria of jejunum was heavily infiltrated with diffuse lymphatic tissue in the 16th, 24th and 42nd week of age of Pati duck. The scattered and diffuse lymphatic infiltration occurred in all age groups. The lamina propria of the colorectum revealed an extensive network of reticular fibre with diffused lymphatic tissue in all the age group of duck. In Scanning Electron Microscope, the lumen of the jejunum was covered by finger-like villi with numerous opening of goblet cells. The lymphoid follicle of Lamina propria contains numerous lymphocytes along with connective tissue fibres.

CT for estimating adequacy of lymph node dissection in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Background Indices obtained from lymph node dissection specimens, specifically lymph node yield (LNY) and lymph node ratio (LNR), have prognostic significance in the setting of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCa). However, there are currently no validated tools to estimate adequacy of planned lymph node dissection using preoperative data. The present study sought to evaluate CT-derived estimates of lymphatic tissue volumes as a preoperative tool to guide cervical node dissection. Methods Fifteen cervical lymph node dissections were performed in 14 subjects with HNSCCa. Preoperative CT-derived estimates of lymphatic tissue volumes were compared with gross pathology tissue volume estimates and pathologically-determined LNY. Results Resected tissue volume (calculated using the triaxial ellipsoid method) correlates with CT-derived preoperative lymphatic volume estimates (r = 0.74, p = 0.003) while LNY does not(r = − 0.12, p = 0.67). When excluding pathologically enlarged lymph nodes (“refined” data), a negative correlation was observed between refined CT-derived volume estimates and refined LNY (r = − 0.65, p = 0.009). Conclusion In the setting of cervical lymph node dissection, CT-derived lymphatic volume estimates correlate with resected tissue volume, but refined CT-derived volume estimates correlate negatively with refined LNY. Trial registration Retrospectively registered. Level of evidence 4

Use of adipose-derived stem cells in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration

The potential to differentiate into different cell lines, added to the easy and cost-effective method of extraction, makes adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) an object of interest in lymphedema treatment. Our study’s goal was to conduct a comprehensive systematic review of the use of ADSCs in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration. On July 23, 2019, using PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Clinical Answers, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase databases, we conducted a systematic review of published literature on the use of ADSCs in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration. There were no language or time frame limitations, and the following search strategy was applied: ((Adipose stem cell) OR Adipose-derived stem cell)) AND ((Lymphedema) OR Breast Cancer Lymphedema). Only original research manuscripts were included. Fourteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies were experimental (in vitro or in vivo in animals), and only three were clinical. Publications on the topic demonstrated that ADSCs promote lymphangiogenesis, and its effect could be enhanced by modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-C, interleukin-7, prospero homeobox protein 1, and transforming growth factor-β1. Pilot clinical studies included 11 patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema, and no significant side effects were present at 12-month follow-up. Literature on the use of ADSCs in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration demonstrated promising data. Clinical evidence is still in its infancy, but the scientific community agrees that ADSCs can be useful in regenerative lymphangiogenesis. Data collected in this review indicate that unprecedented advances in lymphedema treatment can be anticipated in the upcoming years.

On the essence of the therapeutic and protective effect of chemicals in septic infections. Sахl, Donath and Kelen (Wien. Kl. Woch., 1926, no. 20)

Sхl, Donath and Kelen (Wien. Kl. Woch., 1926, No. 20) by experiments on animals were convinced that here it is not about the antiseptic (resp. Bactericidal) action of these substances (for example:, argochrome, trypaflavin, etc.) on microbes, and about their nonspecific effect on the mensenchymal and lymphatic tissue, in the sense of increasing its resistance.

Surgical Management of Cervico-facial Cystic Lymphangioma in Children

Introduction: Cystic lymphangioma or cystic hygroma is a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system that manifests as a soft, benign, and painless mass. It originates from remnants of embryonic lymphatic tissue that retains the potential for proliferation. Material and methods: Our retrospective study involved 16 cases of cystic lymphangioma managed between 2017 and 2020. Results: This study included 9 girls and 7 boys with a mean age of 4.2 years. Cystic lymphangioma was visible in 7 cases at birth and in 6 cases before the age of 2 years, and beyond 2 years in 3 cases. The tumor was cervical in 11 cases, including one case of parotid extension, and 02 cases of sub maxillary extension, jugal in one and one case of parotid localization, and one case of lingual localization. Surgical indication was based on clinical examination and imaging in all cases. Excision was considered complete in 12 cases and incomplete in four cases. In three cases, excision was difficult due to adhesion to the internal jugular vein and the carotid bifurcation, base of the tongue in one case and facial nerve in one case. Early complications were, hematoma [one case], lymphorrhea [one case], jugal recurrence [one case] nine months after surgical excision. Conclusion: Cervico-facial cystic lymphangioma is a particular pathology whose management is challenging, complex and multidisciplinary.

Replication of Influenza A Virus in Secondary Lymphatic Tissue Contributes to Innate Immune Activation

The replication of viruses in secondary lymphoid organs guarantees sufficient amounts of pattern-recognition receptor ligands and antigens to activate the innate and adaptive immune system. Viruses with broad cell tropism usually replicate in lymphoid organs; however, whether a virus with a narrow tropism relies on replication in the secondary lymphoid organs to activate the immune system remains not well studied. In this study, we used the artificial intravenous route of infection to determine whether Influenza A virus (IAV) replication can occur in secondary lymphatic organs (SLO) and whether such replication correlates with innate immune activation. Indeed, we found that IAV replicates in secondary lymphatic tissue. IAV replication was dependent on the expression of Sialic acid residues in antigen-presenting cells and on the expression of the interferon-inhibitor UBP43 (Usp18). The replication of IAV correlated with innate immune activation, resulting in IAV eradication. The genetic deletion of Usp18 curbed IAV replication and limited innate immune activation. In conclusion, we found that IAV replicates in SLO, a mechanism which allows innate immune activation.

Huge Retroperitoneal Lymphangioma Presenting With Duodenal Obstruction: a case report.

lymphangiomas are benign tumors caused by the congenital proliferation of lymphatic tissue, causing an obstruction in the lymphatic ducts, producing fluid filled cysts (1). Histologically they are polycystic, with cysts divided by thin septas lined with endothelial cells. Most common presentation of cystic lymphangiomas are in the neck (75%) and axillary region (20%) and only 5% are intra-abdominal, while retroperitoneal lymphangiomas account for only 1% of cases (2). It is more common in children with males affected more than women, while women have shown to encounter pancreatic lymphangiomas more than men (3). Often retroperitoneal lypmhangiomas are asymptomatic but due to their large size they might cause a wide variety of symptoms from mild abdominal distention/discomfort and back pain to duodenal obstruction, sepsis and DIC (4). Diagnostic techniques are ultrasound, CT scan and MRI but often it is found accidentally and definitive diagnosis is made post-operatively. Treatment of choice is complete surgical resection with cystectomy

Lymphatic Tissue Engineering: A Further Step for Successful Lymphedema Treatment

Background Secondary lymphedema, caused by oncologic surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, is one of the most relevant, nononcological complications affecting cancer survivors. Severe functional deficits can result in impairing quality of life and a societal burden related to increased treatment costs. Often, conservative treatments are not sufficient to alleviate lymphedema or to prevent stage progression of the disease, as they do not address the underlying etiology that is the disruption of lymphatic pathways. In recent years, lymphatic surgery approaches were revolutionized by advances in microsurgical technique. Currently, lymphedema can effectively be treated by procedures such as lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) and lymph node transfer (LNT). However, not all patients have suitable lymphatic vessels, and lymph node harvesting is associated with risks. In addition, some data have revealed nonresponders to the microsurgical techniques. Methods A literature review was performed to evaluate the value of lymphatic tissue engineering for plastic surgeons and to give an overview of the achievements, challenges, and goals of the field. Results While certain challenges exist, including cell harvesting, nutrient supply, biocompatibility, and hydrostatic properties, it is possible and desirable to engineer lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. The path toward clinical translation is considered more complex for LNTs secondary to the complex microarchitecture and pending final mechanistic clarification, while LVA is more straight forward. Conclusion Lymphatic tissue engineering has the potential to be the next step for microsurgical treatment of secondary lymphedema. Current and future researches are necessary to optimize this clinical paradigm shift for improved surgical treatment of lymphedema.