Loyalty Shares with Tenure Voting: Does the Default Rule Matter? Evidence from the Loi Florange Experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-499
Author(s):  
Marco Becht ◽  
Yuliya Kamisarenka ◽  
Anete Pajuste
Keyword(s):  
Default Rule

scholarly journals Honoring Innocent Until Proven Guilty

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-70
Author(s):  
Stephen Rispoli
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Default Rule ◽  
Pretrial Release ◽  
Pretrial Detention ◽  
Law System ◽  
Constitutional Protections ◽  
A Current

Texas’s current prison population consists of far more pretrial detainees than convicted criminals. Despite United States and Texas constitutional protections, the default rule in many jurisdictions, including Texas, detains misdemeanor and non-violent felony defendants unless they can post a monetary bond or get a surety to post the bond for them (“bail bond”) to obtain their release. Most pretrial detainees remain detained due not to their alleged dangerousness, but rather because they simply cannot afford to post bail (or get someone to post it for them). As a result, many pretrial detainees find themselves choosing between hamstringing their financial future or remaining in detention until trial. If Americans are serious about “honoring the presumption of innocence,” we must reform the way that misdemeanor and non-violent felony defendants are treated while awaiting trial. Rather than treat them as guilty and keep them in jail unless they can pay for their release, the standard should be to release them unless there is a very good reason for not doing so. By changing the default option from pretrial detention to pretrial release, many Texas judges will be more pre-disposed to release misdemeanor and non-violent felony defendants on conditions other than the posting of monetary bail. This switch will result in fewer people being detained simply because they cannot afford to be released—which will prevent adverse economic consequences to already disadvantaged citizens. Proposed reform has been discussed for decades. Reforming the bail system in Texas is a current, critical need. This criminal justice issue undermines the public’s faith in our system of justice and detrimentally affects the economic and social status of countless citizens who will ultimately be found not guilty. Doing nothing weakens our overall rule-of-law system and ultimately erodes the foundation upon which our society is built.

Rule 65: Examination as to formal requirements, recording in the register, assignment and designation of the judge-rapporteur

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas von Falck ◽  
Stephan Dorn
Keyword(s):  
Default Rule ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
In Suit ◽  
Formal Requirements ◽  
Register Assignment

Pursuant to Rule 16.1 UPCARoP, the Registry first examines whether there is an opt-out for the patent in suit. If the patent proprietor declared an opt-out, the Registry immediately informs the claimant who must then change or withdraw the action. Pursuant to Rule 16.2, the Registry then checks whether the Statement of claim is formally complete. If there are any deficiencies, the Registry requests the claimant to correct the Statement of claim. The Registry must inform the claimant that a decision by default (Rule 355) is possible. If the claimant does not correct the deficiencies within 14 days or does not pay the fee for the action within said 14 days, the judge rapporteur dismisses the action by default (Rule 16.4). The claimant may, however, appeal the decision by default pursuant to Rule 356.

Personalizing Rules by Age

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Omri Ben-Shahar ◽  
Ariel Porat
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Default Rule ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Legal Capacity ◽  
Limit Laws ◽  
Physical Ability

To complete the demonstration of personalized law in action, this chapter focuses on the inputs used to tailor the individualized commands. One input that is likely to feature in the personalization of many rules is age. Age is informative because it is often correlated with personal attributes that matter to achieving the goals of a law. Preferences, cognition, judgment, experience, and physical ability—all vary with age. Young age is a factor in the denial of legal capacity and in the conferral of various paternalistic protections, whereas old age represents changing needs, capacities, and entitlements. Under personalized law, age would be an input affecting legal commands that are currently age-invariant, such as the intestate succession default rule or speed limit laws. In addition, age of capacity laws, which are currently used to regulate entry into various activities, would use different age cutoffs for different people.

Sensitivity of children's inflection to grammatical structure

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Kim ◽  
Gary F. Marcus ◽  
Steven Pinker ◽  
Michelle Hollander ◽  
Marie Coppola
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Default Rule ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Tree Structures ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Ambiguity Reduction ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
The City ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTWhat is the input to the mental System that computes inflected forms likewalked, came, dogs, andmen? Recent connectionist models feed a word's phonological features into a single network, allowing it to generalize both regular and irregular phonological patterns, likestop-stopped, step-steppedandfling-flung, cling-clung. But for adults, phonological input is insufficient: verbs derived from nouns likering the cityalways have regular past tense forms (ringed), even if they are phonologically identical to irregular verbs (ring the bell). Similarly, nouns based on names, liketwo Mickey Mouses, and compounds based on possessing rather than being their root morpheme, such astwo sabertooths, take regular plurals, even when they are homophonous with irregular nouns likemiceandteeth. In four experiments, testing 70 three- to ten-year-old children, we found that children are sensitive to such nonphonological information: they were more likely to produce regular inflected forms for forms liketo ring(‘to put a ring on’) andsnaggletooth(a kind of animal doll with big teeth) than for their homophonous irregular counterparts, even when these counterparts were also extended in meaning. Children's inflectional Systems thus seem to be like adults': irregular forms are tied to the lexicon but regular forms are computed by a default rule, and words are represented as morphological tree structures reflecting their derivation from basic word roots. Such structures, which determine how novel complex words are derived and interpreted, also govern whether words with irregular sound patterns will be regularized: a word can be irregular only if its structure contains an irregular root in ‘head’ position, allowing the lexically stored irregular information to percolate up to apply to the word as a whole. In all other cases, the inflected form is computed by a default regular rule. This proposal fits the facts better than alternatives appealing to ambiguity reduction or semantic similarity to a word's central sense. The results, together with an analysis of adult speech to children, suggest that morphological structure and a distinction between mechanisms for regular and irregular inflection may be inherent to the design of children's language Systems.

Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.2: Transfer of obligations, Art.9.2.5

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazza Francesca
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Default Rule ◽  
Joint And Several Liability ◽  
Rights Transfer

This commentary analyses Article 9.2.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the circumstances under which the original obligor is discharged. According to Art 9.2.5, the obligee may discharge the original obligor or retain the original obligor as an obligor in case the new obligor does not perform properly. Otherwise the original obligor and the new obligor are jointly and severally liable. As a default rule, Art 9.2.5(3), which provides for the joint and several liability of the original and new obligor, applies unless the obligee has agreed to discharge the original obligor by virtue of Art 9.2.5(1) or (2). Art 9.2.5(3) stipulates that the obligee is not required to express a choice. If it remains silent, the default rule of joint and several liability applies. The burden of proof lies with the original obligor to provide persuasive evidence that it has been fully or partially discharged.

Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, s.2: Authority of agents, Art.2.2.8

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krebs Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Default Rule ◽  
Agency Relationship ◽  
The Third ◽  
Delegation Of Authority ◽  
The Third Party

This commentary focuses on Article 2.2.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning sub-agency. In most countries, the default rule is that the agent is not permitted to delegate its authority. This rule is generally based on the confidential nature of the agency relationship. Art 2.2.8 stipulates that an agent has implied authority to appoint a sub-agent to perform acts which it is not reasonable to expect the agent to perform itself. This commentary discusses the requirements of sub-agency, the consequences of delegation of authority, cases where the sub-agent affects the legal relations of the third party, and burden of proof relating to sub-agency.

Ant Colony Algorithm’s Application of Textile Monitoring Image Recognition

2011 ◽  
Vol 328-330 ◽  
pp. 1701-1704
Author(s):  
Yang Lie Fu ◽  
Shu Qian Chen ◽  
Li Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Global Optimization ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Ant Colony Algorithm ◽  
Ant Colony ◽  
Default Rule ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Intelligent Search ◽  
Textile Machine ◽  
Surveillance Method

We can use video surveillance method to detection the weft in Glass fiber textile machine, avoids glass fiber weft bristling by contact weft detection sensor, Glass fiber dust damages to human health. Using Ant Colony algorithm of intelligent search, global optimization, robust, positive feedback, distributed computing, easy combination with other methods and other characteristics, resolve image segmentation, extraction monitor weft system in regional conditions, then use the default rule-based artificial intelligence reasoning in the region separately.

Copyright Default Rule: Reconciling Efficiency and Fairness

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Morando
Keyword(s):  
Default Rule

The various perspectives on the default rule in contract law,and their implications

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 53-102
Author(s):  
최준규
Keyword(s):  
Contract Law ◽  
Default Rule
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