The appearance of agency theory in the publications of Polish authors – the need to expand research in behavioral accounting

Purpose: The aim of the article is to assess the use of agency theory by Polish authors in articles in the field of accounting published by the end of 2020. Methodology/approach: The study was carried out using a structured literature review, which is a recognized method of conducting literature analysis, also in the field of accounting. Findings: The results of the review show little use of agency relations in empirical re-search. Both in theoretical and empirical research, the issues in financial reporting were most often addressed. In most publications, agency theory constitutes the theoretical back-ground for the considerations, while there is a lack of research that focuses on the impact of the agency relationship between the owner and manager or between employees at vari-ous levels on accounting. The empirical studies analyzed only external factors that influ-ence decision-making, while there is a gap in studies that focused on individual human characteristics. Research limitations/implications: The structured literature review covers articles pub-lished between 1993 and 2020 written by Polish authors. Originality/value: The originality of the article arises from the identification of shortcom-ings in the publications of Polish authors in contrast to global achievements, in particular in the fields of management accounting and behavioral accounting. Thus, we indicate the directions of further development of research already carried out by the few Polish authors. The guidelines concern the development of research in the field of behavioral accounting, which will deepen the knowledge about the impact of the principal-agent relationship on the decisions people make in creating reporting and management information. Keywords: agency theory, agency relation, behavioral accounting, SLR, literature review.

The Case of the Chelsea Grand: Card-Check Neutrality, Management Contracts, and The Duties of Owners and Operators

This article examines the dispute between a hotel owner, operator, and union, and the subsequent litigation. The dispute centered on whether the hotel owner was bound by agreements made between its operator and the union, and whether the operator had a fiduciary duty to the owner. Courts found that the operator was a joint employer of the owner’s employees, and as a result, the owner was bound to agreements that the operator had made with the union. The owner, who did not want to be bound to the union agreement, subsequently sued its operator for alleged breach of fiduciary responsibility. The courts ruled that the hotel management agreement between the owner and operator created no agency relationship and thus no fiduciary duty on the part of the operator. We discuss the potential implications of these findings for union-management relations as well as owner-operator relations, with a specific focus on the implications for hotel owners in the labor context.

Changes in the configurations of corporate governance and agency relationship: a longitudinal analysis in a privately held company

This article aims to identify the changes in corporate governance associated with the life cycle of companies. It is guided by the research problem of understanding what effects the maturity of the business has on its ownership structure, corporate relations, and other governance configurations. The study used longitudinal analysis of the changes that occurred in Transportadora Brasileira Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil SA (TBG), a privately held company controlled by Petrobras Logística de Gás, with the participation of several state and private partners. The data were collected through document analysis and interviews with executives. The results identified the relationship between the stages of the business and the characteristics of the investors, ranging from an initial moment built around energy companies specialized in the business to the maturity phase when the investment became interesting to capitalist partners interested in financial results. In addition, planning before capital consolidation, the existence of a financing structure, clear criteria for selecting partners, and the presence of a second relevant shareholder, mitigates any problems of abuse of power or non-compliance with established rules, contributing to preserving the relationship between shareholders over time and the sustainability of corporate agreements. The study contributes to a new perspective on the analysis of corporate governance, considering necessary changes and adaptations over time and reflections on the corporate structures and priorities of the governance actors.

Agency Contracts under Maximum-Entropy

This article proposes the application of the maximum-entropy principle (MEP) to agency contracting (where a principal hires an agent to make decisions on their behalf) in situations where the principal and agent only have partial knowledge on the probability distribution of the output conditioned on the agent’s actions. The paper characterizes the second-best agency contract from a maximum entropy distribution (MED) obtained from applying the MEP to the agency situation consistently with the information available. We show that, with the minimum shared information about the output distribution for the agency relationship to take place, the second-best compensation contract is (a monotone transformation of) an increasing affine function of output. With additional information on the output distribution, the second-best optimal contracts can be more complex. The second-best contracts obtained theoretically from the MEP cover many compensation schemes observed in real agency relationships.

General Partnerships and the Fiduciary Duty in the US Legal System

The law of fiduciary duty is as old as common law. It is the key element of the law of equity. The agency relationship creates a fiduciary relationship between the parties, which means that the fiduciary (agent) is subject to the direction of the one on whose behalf he acts (principal). This high standard of conduct – in the scope of the agency relationship – has become a separate liability form in the common law countries and has appeared not only in company law but in other parts of civil law as well. This paper presents the development and the basic elements of fiduciary duty in the field of general partnerships.

Toward an anthropological approach to musical empathy

This chapter proposes an anthropological approach to musical empathy, relying on Alfred Gell’s notion of agency. It is claimed that: (1) musical emotions are best approached as empathetic phenomena, as opposed to cognitive acts involving the decoding of a message; (2) it is possible to distinguish between different types of musical empathy, depending on the type of agency relationship: “empathy with the musical being,” “empathy with the artist,” “empathy with musical memory-images,” and “intersubjective musical empathy”; (3) the representation of a network of agency can reveal the role played by the performance context in the emotions attributed to music; (4) The notion of agency makes it possible to consider “personal” tunes as “distributed persons,” as opposed to signs of persons; (5) the highly ornamented de jale (“sorrowful”) tunes can be seen as “sonic agents,” or “sonic beings” arousing in the listeners feelings of attachment, rapture, and loss.

The Portrait Of Good Governance Implementation Onto Padang City Government In The Development Of Sustainable Tourism

This article describes on how the implementation of good governance is carried out by Padang City Government in sustainable tourism management. This research is aimed to (1) Overseeing the good governance implementation in Padang City Government in term of the development of sustainable tourism destinations. (2) Analyzing the sustainable tourism management viewing it from agency theory by using three approaches of agency relationship; the relationship between executive and legislative; the relationship between legislative and public; and the relationship in budgeting context. It is a qualitative descriptive research, and performed in Padang City Culture and Tourism Office. More over, data collection utilizes observation, interview, and documentation. The good governance principle employed in this research are accountability, participation, and transparency. The result shows that the implementation of good governance at Padang City Culture and Tourism Office has been achieved well. It is as a result of the agency relationships occured within local government; the relationship with the executive in the role of Culture and Tourism Office, with the legislative in the role of Padang City Mayor, and with public as the community.

Agency Relationship in Budgeting at Inclusion Schools in Gunungkidul District

This study explores the effect of budgetary participation on budgetary slack with organizational culture as an intervening variable in inclusive schools. This study used a survey method by distributing questionnaires consisting of six questions for budgetary slack, five questions budget participation, and 23 questions organizational culture. Used purposive sampling, the study included 100 inclusive school principals and ten education office staff who handled the inclusive school budget. Data were analyzed through a path analysis by using PLS. This study shows that budgetary participation affects organizational culture but has no effect on budgetary slack. Moreover, organizational culture does not mediate the relationship between budget participation and budgetary slack. The Office of Education and Inclusive Schools are suggested to establish better communication and strengthen an organizational culture that can encourage inclusive schools to participate in budgeting to reduce budgetary slack in inclusive education.Keywords: Budget Participation, Budgetary Slack, Organizational CultureHubungan Keagenan dalam Penganggaran pada Sekolah Inklusi di Kabupaten GunungkidulAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki pengaruh partisipasi anggaran terhadap senjangan anggaran dengan budaya organisasi sebagai variabel intervening pada sekolah inklusif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dengan menyebarkan kuesioner yang terdiri dari 6 pertanyaan untuk senjangan anggaran, 5 pertanyaan partisipasi anggaran, dan 23 pertanyaan budaya organisasi. Sampel menggunakan purposive sampling, yang meliputi 100 kepala sekolah inklusif dan 10 pegawai dinas pendidikan yang menangani anggaran sekolah inklusif. Analisis data menggunakan analisis jalur dengan PLS. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa partisipasi anggaran berpengaruh terhadap budaya organisasi namun tidak dapat menemukan pengaruh partisipasi anggaran terhadap senjangan anggaran. Penelitian ini tidak membuktikan bahwa budaya organisasi dapat memediasi hubungan antara partisipasi anggaran dan senjangan anggaran. Dinas pendidikan dan sekolah inklusif diharapkan dapat menjalin komunikasi yang lebih baik dan memperkuat budaya organisasi yang dapat mendorong sekolah inklusif untuk berpartisipasi dalam penyusunan anggaran sehingga mengurangi senjangan anggaran dalam pendidikan inklusif.Kata kunci: Partisipasi Anggaran, Senjangan Anggaran, Budaya Organisasi

REASONS, FACTORS AND CONSEQUENCES OF AGENCY PROBLEM IN MODERN CONDITIONS

This article is about agency relationship which formed due to the delegation of part of the powers of shareholders to employees. Also, this article is about the emergence of an agency problem which is aggravated by behavioral and environmental factors. The main reason of the agency problem is the separation of ownership from control. The divergence of interests between owners and managers leads to an increase in agency costs in this area. The central issue in the theory of agency relations is agency costs. The purpose of the study is to analyze the history of the development of the theory of corporate governance and the theory of agency relations. The relevance of the agency problem and the problem of corporate governance lies in the study of theoretical and practical research of agency costs, sources and factors which influence on the investment activities of the company. As a result of the study, the emergence and formation of the concept of agency costs were considered