This study presents a hybridized photocatalyst with adsorbate as a promising nanocomposite for photoremediation of wastewater. Photocatalytic degradation of bromophenol blue (BPB) in aqueous solution under UV-irradiation of wavelength 400 nm was carried out with TiO2 doped with activated carbon (A) and clinoptilolite (Z) via the co-precipitation technique. The physiochemical properties of the nanocomposite (A–TiO2 and Z–TiO2) and TiO2 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results of the nanocomposite (A–TiO2 and Z–TiO2) efficiency was compared to that with the TiO2, which demonstrated their adsorption and synergistic effect for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color from the wastewater. At an optimal load of 4 g, the photocatalytic degradation activity (Z–TiO2 > A–TiO2 > TiO2) was found favorably by the second-order kinetic model. Consequently, the Langmuir adsorption isotherms favored the nanocomposites (Z–TiO2 > A–TiO2), whereas that of the TiO2 fitted very well on the Freundlich isotherm approach. Z–TiO2 evidently exhibited a high photocatalytic efficacy of decomposition over 80% of BPB (COD) at reaction rate constant (k) and coefficient of determination (R2) values of 5.63 × 10−4 min−1 and 0.989, respectively.
Photocatalytic degradation of phenol using immobilized titania in activated carbon from Canarium ovatum Engl. nut shell
