This article describes novel superconducting states in nanoscale superconductors. It first considers characteristic lengths in superconductors and vortices in mesoscopic superconductors before discussing trends in superconductivity research, which is closely related to recent progress in nanotechnology. It then explains the theoretical methods used for the study of mesoscopic superconducting states, along with theoretical predictions of vortex states in thin mesoscopic superconducting films. It also looks at experimental techniques used for the detection of vortices, including direct visualization of the vortex positions and indirect methods such as the multiple-small-tunnel-junction method, and experimental detection of mesoscopic vortex states in disks and squares. Finally, it evaluates one-dimensional vortex in mesoscopic rings.
Influence of thermal gradient in vortex states of mesoscopic superconductors