This work investigates the unsteady pressure fluctuations and inception of vortical flow in a hydraulic turbine during speed-no-load conditions. At speed-no-load (SNL), the available hydraulic energy dissipates to the blades without producing an effective torque. This results in high-amplitude pressure loading and fatigue development, which take a toll on a machine's operating life. The focus of the present study is to experimentally measure and numerically characterize time-dependent pressure amplitudes in the vaneless space, runner and draft tube of a model Francis turbine. To this end, ten pressure sensors, including four miniature sensors mounted in the runner, were integrated into a turbine. The numerical model consists of the entire turbine including Labyrinth seals. Compressible flow was considered for the numerical study to account for the effect of flow compressibility and the reflection of pressure waves. The results clearly showed that the vortical flow in the blade passages induces high-amplitude stochastic fluctuations. A distinct flow pattern in the turbine runner was found. The flow near the blade suction side close to the crown was more chaotic and reversible (pumping), whereas the flow on the blade pressure side close to the band was accelerating (turbine) and directed toward the outlet. Flow separation from the blade leading edge created a vortical flow, which broke up into four parts as it traveled further downstream and created high-energy turbulent eddies. The source of reversible flow was found at the draft tube elbow, where the flow in the center core region moves toward the runner cone. The vortical region located at the inner radius of the elbow gives momentum to the wall-attached flow and is pushed toward the outlet, whereas the flow at the outer radius is pushed toward the runner. The cycle repeats at a frequency of 22.3 Hz, which is four times the runner rotational speed.
Comparisons of vortical flow and cavitation inside a Francis turbine with different draft tubes
