Learning Pattern of Two-Dimensional, Three-Dimensional, and Ultra-High-Definition Endovision System on Standardized Phantom Tasks: An Ex Vivo Randomized Study

The current trend in computational hemodynamics is to employ realistic models derived from ex vivo or in vivo imaging. Such studies typically produce a series of images from which the lumen boundaries must first be individually extracted (i.e., two-dimensional segmentation), and then serially reconstructed to produce the three-dimensional lumen surface geometry. In this paper, we present a rapid three-dimensional segmentation technique that combines these two steps, based on the idea of an expanding virtual balloon. This three-dimensional technique is demonstrated in application to finite element meshing and CFD modeling of flow in the carotid bifurcation of a normal volunteer imaged with black blood MRI. Wall shear stress patterns computed using a mesh generated with the three-dimensional technique agree well with those computed using a mesh generated from conventional two-dimensional segmentation and serial reconstruction. In addition to reducing the time required to extract the lumen surface from hours to minutes, our approach is easy to learn and use and requires minimal user intervention, which can potentially increase the accuracy and precision of quantitative and longitudinal studies of hemodynamics and vascular disease. [S0148-0731(00)00201-6]

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Learning Laparoscopic Surgery Skills With a 4K Ultra-High Definition 2D vs a Three-Dimensional HD Laparoscopic System: Results From a Prospective Randomized Trial

Surgical Innovation ◽

10.1177/1553350621991224 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 155335062199122

Author(s):

Michael Thomaschewski ◽

Thorsten Jürgens ◽

Tobias Keck ◽

Tilman Laubert ◽

Claudia Benecke

Keyword(s):

Depth Perception ◽

Randomized Study ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Optical Systems ◽

High Definition ◽

Learning Speed ◽

4K Uhd ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Compensation Mechanisms ◽

2D System

Background. In minimally invasive surgery (MIS), the loss of stereoscopic depth perception in a two-dimensional (2D) representation is most challenging. Recently introduced 4K ultrahigh definition (UHD) 2D optical systems could potentially facilitate the learning and use of compensation mechanisms for the loss of depth perception. However, the role of the new 4K technology against three dimensional (3D) in learning and implementation of MIS remains unknown. The aim of this trial was to determine the influence of 4K UHD 2D vs 3D HD representation on the acquisition of MIS skills. Methods. This was a prospective randomized study involving 62 MIS-inexperienced study participants. We compared a laparoscopic 4K UHD 2D (system A) vs a laparoscopic 3D HD system (system B) for differences in learning MIS skills using the Lübeck Toolbox (LTB) video box trainer. We evaluated participants’ performance regarding the repetitions required to reach the goal of each LTB task. Results. Comparing systems A and B, participants using the laparoscopic 3D system required fewer repetitions to achieve goals of LTB tasks No. 1 ( P = .0048) and No. 3 ( P = .0014). In contrast, for LTB tasks No. 2 and No. 4, no significant difference could be determined between both groups. Conclusion. Our results indicated that MIS basic skills can be learned quicker using a 3D HD system vs a 4K UHD 2D system. However, for MIS tasks in confined spaces, the learning speed with 4K UHD 2D imaging seems to be comparable to a 3D HD system.

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