Japanese Immigrant Gambling in Early 20th-Century California

Author(s):  
Chrissy Yee Lau

Gambling was a central facet of life for Japanese male laborers in early 20th-century California. From the late 19th to the early 20th century, labor contractors and Chinese gambling dens offered gambling to Japanese laborers to maintain a consistent cheap labor force and large consumer pool. Many laborers approached gambling as a form of leisure, an opportunity for getting rich quickly and building a sense of community. After the Gentlemen’s Agreement was passed in 1907–1908, Japanese elites led anti-gambling campaigns aimed at Chinese gambling dens in their larger project to build the empire abroad and acquire domestic civil rights. By the 1920s, Japanese-run gambling dens became more established, but the hardships of Japanese immigrant wives prompted collaboration with the Japanese Associations of America to address gambling among married men. The larger community memory around gambling is often told from the wife or children’s perspective, recounted with pain and suffering over how gambling tore families asunder.

Author(s):  
Ann V. Collins

Between the turbulent months of April and October 1919, racial violence reached a peak in the United States. Some twenty-six white-on-black massacres took place across the country. Author and civil rights activist James Weldon Johnson dubbed this terrible period the Red Summer as a way to characterize pervasive racial hostility and for the blood spilled in its wake. Yet, racial violence has had a long and painful history in the United States. From the moment enslaved Africans arrived in the New World, whites strove cruelly and systematically to maintain power and control over their bodies and labor. Indeed, many interactions between ostensible racial groups have centered on white hostility. A type of brutality that proved especially vicious took the shape of white-on-black race massacres. First appearing in the early 19th century and fading by the end of World War II, whites used these types of disturbances to deny African Americans progress and freedom. Destruction of black communities, massive bloodshed, and lynchings characterized these occurrences. The early 20th century, and particularly the Red Summer, marked a critical moment in the history of race relations of the United States—one that proved deadly to African Americans.


Author(s):  
А.С. Гаврикова

В статье рассматривается обращение либеральных кругов российской общественности начала ХХ века к исследованию избирательного права, гражданских свобод, организации выборов, проведению политической агитации и британского опыта в этих вопросах. Внутриполитические кризисные явления в России в начале ХХ века и рост революционных настроений сказались на повестке отечественной общественно-политической мысли. Работа первого российского парламента — Государственной думы, и становление многопартийности находились под пристальным вниманием отечественных либералов. Выборы и процесс введения всеобщего избирательного права изучался с учетом уже имеющегося западного опыта, в том числе английского выборного права. Анализируются оригинальные взгляды В. В. Водовозова, Н. И. Лазаревского, В. Ф. Матвеева, В. Ф. Дерюжинского, весьма остро реагировавших на происходящее в стране и проявлявших высокий интерес к изучению британского опыта партийного строительства и демократических ценностей. В кругах либералов появился практический интерес к исследованию политической жизни Великобритании. В статье отражены и обобщены их взгляды на дальнейшую демократизацию России, включение населения в политическую жизнь, расширение политических и гражданских прав и свобод населения, свободы печати, собраний, союзов, петиций. The article focuses on the way Russian liberals of the early 20th century treated the investigation of suffrage, civil freedoms, election system, political propaganda, and the British election practices. Domestic political problems experienced by Russia in the early 20th century and the proliferation of revolutionary ideas produced a significant impact on the socio-political discourse. The work of Russia’s first Parliament, the State Duma, and the development of a multi-party parliamentary system were scrutinized by Russian liberals. Election practices and the introduction of universal suffrage were assessed against the backdrop of foreign election practices, British election practices in particular. The article analyzes V. V. Vodovozov’s, N. I. Lazorevsky’s, V. F. Matveev’s, V. F. Deryuzhinsky’s views on the changes pervading the Russian political system. It underlines the political philosopher’s keen interest in the investigation of British party practices and democratic values. The article maintains that Russian liberals were interested in the investigation of British political life. It deals with Russian liberals’ views on further democratization of Russia, people’s engagement in political life, the proliferation of political and civil rights and freedoms, including the freedom of the press, the freedom of assembly, the freedom of association, and the freedom of petition.


Author(s):  
Aleksey A. Soloviev

On the history of the first public libraries in the province towns of Vladimirskaya and Kostromskaya provinces in the second half of the 17th century - early 20th century. The author considers main statistical data of libraries and analyses necessity and influence of these libraries and reading rooms on the native population.


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