3. Crystal structures
‘Crystal structures’ describes the different types of close packing—hexagonal, cubic, face-centred cubic, and body-centred cubic—used to describe many simple inorganic structures, especially those of the elements. The reason for atoms to pack so closely together is to form the densest array possible to provide a stable structure. The ability of a chemical substance to adopt different crystal structures is called polymorphism, as displayed by carbon. Examples of simple inorganic structures, such as common salt, are explained along with organic crystal structures, and the different methods of crystal growth. Crystallography has also played a major part in determining the structures and activities of large biological molecules like DNA, RNA, proteins, and viruses.