scholarly journals Pulmonary granuloma is not always the tuberculosis hallmark: pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in New and Old World Nonhuman Primates naturally infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asheley H. B. Pereira ◽  
Claudia A. A. Lopes ◽  
Thalita A. Pissinatti ◽  
Ana C. A. Pinto ◽  
Daniel R. A. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
New World ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Old World ◽  
Pulmonary Granuloma

Abstract Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World monkeys kept under human care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Fifteen nonhuman primates from five different colonies were incorporated into the study. There are 60% (9/15) Old World Monkeys and 40% (6/15) New World Monkeys. According to the gross and histopathologic findings, the lesions in nonhuman primates of this study are classified into the chronic-active, extrapulmonary, early-activation or latent-reactivation tuberculosis stage. Among the Old World Monkey, 66.7% (6/9) of nonhuman primates, all rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), showed severe granulomatous pneumonia. In all Old World Monkeys cases, typical granulomas were seen in at least one organ regardless of the stage of the disease. In the New World Monkeys, the typical pulmonary granulomas were seen in 16.7% (1/6) of the cases, just in the latent-reactivation stage in Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki (Chiropotes utahickae). In this study, 66.7% (6/9) of Old World Monkeys (OWM) and 83.3% (5/6) of New World Monkeys (NWM) showed pulmonary changes at the histological evaluation. The tuberculosis diagnosis in the nonhuman primates in this study was based on pathological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and bacteriological culture. Although the typical presentation was observed in some cases, the absence of pulmonary granuloma did not exclude the tuberculosis occurrence in nonhuman primates of the Old and New World. Tuberculosis should be included as a cause of interstitial pneumonia with foamy macrophages infiltration in the New World nonhuman primates. Due to the high sensitivity of immunohistochemistry with Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we suggest the addition of this technique as a diagnostic tool of tuberculosis in the nonhuman primates even when the typical changes are not seen.

scholarly journals Routine allomaternal nursing in a free-ranging Old World monkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. eaav0499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuofu Xiang ◽  
Penglai Fan ◽  
Haochun Chen ◽  
Ruoshuang Liu ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Carnivore Species ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Fresh Insight ◽  
Insight Into

While regular allomaternal nursing (suckling) has been documented in a number of rodent and carnivore species, as well as in some prosimians, New World monkeys, and humans, it is not common in Old World monkeys and apes. Here, we present a detailed field study of allomaternal nursing in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana, Colobinae). We found that more than 87% of infants were nursed by females other than their mothers. Allomaternal nursing was largely confined to the first 3 months of an infant’s life and occurred predominantly between related females who nursed each other’s offspring in a reciprocal manner. Allomaternal nursing enhanced infant survivorship and did not have a negative impact on the future reproductive success of allonursers. Our findings expand the taxonomic distribution of allomaternal nursing and provide fresh insight into the possible factors driving evolution of allomaternal nursing behavior in primates, including humans.

scholarly journals Reflexive gaze following in common marmoset monkeys

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Spadacenta ◽  
Peter W. Dicke ◽  
Peter Thier
Keyword(s):  
Joint Attention ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
List Type ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Old World ◽  
Domain Specific

ABSTRACTThe ability to extract the direction of the other’s gaze allows us to shift our attention to an object of interest to the other and to establish joint attention. By mapping one’s own expectations, desires and intentions on the object of joint attention, humans develop a Theory of (the other’s) Mind (TOM), a functional sequence possibly disrupted in autism. Although old world monkeys probably do not possess a TOM, they follow the other’s gaze and they establish joint attention. Gaze following of both humans and old world monkeys fulfills Fodor’s criteria of a domain specific function and is orchestrated by very similar cortical architectures, strongly suggesting homology. Also new world monkeys, a primate suborder that split from the old world monkey line about 35 million years ago, have complex social structures. One member of this group, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), has received increasing interest as a potential model in studies of normal and disturbed human social cognition. Marmosets are known to follow human head-gaze. However, the question is if they use gaze following to establish joint attention with conspecifics. Here we show that this is indeed the case. In a free choice task, head-restrained marmosets prefer objects gazed at by a conspecific and, moreover, they exhibit considerably shorter choice reaction times for the same objects. These findings support the assumption of an evolutionary old domain specific faculty shared within the primate order and they underline the potential value of marmosets in studies of normal and disturbed joint attention.HIGHLIGHTSCommon marmosets follow the head gaze of conspecifics in order to establish joint attention.Brief exposures to head gaze are sufficient to reallocate an animal’s attention.The tendency to follow the other’s gaze competes with the attractional binding of the conspecific’s face

Serum Leptin in Nonpregnant and Pregnant Women and in Old and New World Nonhuman Primates

2005 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Daniel Castracane ◽  
Andrew G. Hendrickx ◽  
Michael C. Henson
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
New World ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Old World ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Titi Monkey

Leptin is a hormone that is produced during mammalian pregnancy in the placental trophoblast and other tissues, including! fetal and maternal adipocytes. Synthesis of the polypeptide and the presence of its specific receptors throughout the human maternal fetoplacental unit suggest direct effects on conceptus growth and development. However, both the physiologic roles of leptin and the mechanisms regulating leptin synthesis in human pregnancy differ from those in laboratory and domestic species, necessitating the development of nonhuman primate research models. Therefore, we compared serum leptin concentrations in nonpregnant and pregnant women with those in both old world nonhuman primates (i.e., baboon, rhesus monkey, cynomolgus monkey) and new world nonhuman primates (i.e., squirrel monkey, titi monkey). As expected, maternal leptin levels were elevated in human and baboon pregnancies (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Levels in both species of old world monkeys were also greatly enhanced (P < 0.001). Although maternal serum concentrations were slightly elevated compared to nonpregnant levels in both species of new world monkeys, overall concentrations were dramatically lower than for either old world primates or humans. Results provide comparisons of serum leptin concentrations in pregnant and nonpregnant humans and baboons with those in both old and new world monkeys and further characterize these nonhuman primates as models for the investigation of leptin dynamics in pregnancy.

scholarly journals Independent origin of the growth hormone gene family in New World monkeys and Old World monkeys/hominoids

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Chun Ye ◽  
Peng Shi ◽  
Xiao-Ju Zou ◽  
Rui Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
New World ◽  
Death Process ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Old World ◽  
Evolutionary Pattern

The growth hormone (GH) gene family represents an erratic and complex evolutionary pattern, involving many evolutionary events, such as multiple gene duplications, positive selection, the birth-and-death process and gene conversions. In the present study, we cloned and sequenced GH-like genes from three species of New World monkeys (NWM). Phylogenetic analysis strongly suggest monophyly for NWM GH-like genes with respect to those of Old World monkeys (OWM) and hominoids, indicating that independent gene duplications have occurred in NWM GH-like genes. There are three main clusters of genes in putatively functional NWM GH-like genes, according to our gene tree. Comparison of the ratios of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions revealed that these three clusters of genes evolved under different kinds of selective pressures. Detailed analysis of the evolution of pseudogenes showed that the evolutionary pattern of this gene family in platyrrhines is in agreement with the so-called birth-and-death process.

scholarly journals Identification of Postentry Restrictions to Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus Infection in New World Monkey Cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (22) ◽  
pp. 11140-11151 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Diehl ◽  
Elizabeth Stansell ◽  
Shari M. Kaiser ◽  
Michael Emerman ◽  
Eric Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
New World ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Resistant Cell Line ◽  
Spider Monkey ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
New World Monkey

ABSTRACT TRIM5α has been shown to be a major postentry determinant of the host range for gammaretroviruses and lentiviruses and, more recently, spumaviruses. However, the restrictive potential of TRIM5α against other retroviruses has been largely unexplored. We sought to determine whether or not Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), a prototype betaretrovirus isolated from rhesus macaques, was sensitive to restriction by TRIM5α. Cell lines from both Old World and New World primate species were screened for their susceptibility to infection by vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped M-PMV. All of the cell lines tested that were established from Old World primates were found to be susceptible to M-PMV infection. However, fibroblasts established from three New World monkey species specifically resisted infection by this virus. Exogenously expressing TRIM5α from either tamarin or squirrel monkeys in permissive cell lines resulted in a block to M-PMV infection. Restriction in the resistant cell line of spider monkey origin was determined to occur at a postentry stage. However, spider monkey TRIM5α expression in permissive cells failed to restrict M-PMV infection, and interference with endogenous TRIM5α in the spider monkey fibroblasts failed to relieve the block to infectivity. Our results demonstrate that TRIM5α specificity extends to betaretroviruses and suggest that New World monkeys have evolved additional mechanisms to restrict the infection of at least one primate betaretrovirus.

Learning of Detour Problems by Lemurs and Seven Species of Monkeys

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1031-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger T. Davis ◽  
Robert W. Leary
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Lemur Catta ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World

40 Ss drawn from 7 species of monkey, and Lemur catta were trained to solve bent-wire detour problems. Old World monkeys were significantly more proficient than New World monkeys or lemurs, but members of the latter two groups did not differ significantly from each other. The results are compared with those obtained with children, apes, and raccoons.

scholarly journals Isolation and phylogeny of endogenous retrovirus sequences belonging to the HERV-W family in primates

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 2613-2619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heui-Soo Kim ◽  
Osamu Takenaka ◽  
Timothy J. Crow
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
New World ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Human Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Old World

An investigation was undertaken of primate pol gene sequences from a novel endogenous retrovirus family, ERV-W, related to a new human endogenous retrovirus family (HERV-W) that includes multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) sequences identified in particles recovered from monocyte cultures from patients with multiple sclerosis. The pol gene sequences of the ERV-W family were detected in hominoids and Old World monkeys, but not in New World monkeys, whereas ERV-W long terminal repeat-like elements were detected in all primates (hominoids, Old World monkeys and New World monkeys). Thirty-two pol gene sequences from hominoids and Old World monkeys showed a high degree of sequence identity to MSRV and other HERV-W sequences. Phylogenetic analysis indicated close relationships of pol gene sequences across primate species. The analysis suggests that the ERV-W family has evolved independently but in constrained patterns (‘parallel evolution’) in different primate species, including man. The ratio of synonymous to non- synonymous substitutions indicated that negative selective pressure is acting on CHW1-1 from chimpanzee, HBW6-6 from baboon and HWX5 from man, sequences that have no disruption by point mutation or insertions/deletions. Therefore, these pol gene sequences could be associated with an active provirus in primates. The findings indicate that the ERV-W family has continued to evolve in the course of the primate radiation and may include members with a capacity to influence gene function and possibly cause disease.

scholarly journals Retrovirus Restriction by TRIM5α Variants from Old World and New World Primates

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 3930-3937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byeongwoon Song ◽  
Hassan Javanbakht ◽  
Michel Perron ◽  
Do Hyun Park ◽  
Matthew Stremlau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Monkey Species ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
B30.2 Domain ◽  
Antiretroviral Activity

ABSTRACT The TRIM5α proteins of humans and some Old World monkeys have been shown to block infection of particular retroviruses following virus entry into the host cell. Infection of most New World monkey cells by the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac) is restricted at a similar point. Here we examine the antiretroviral activity of TRIM5α orthologs from humans, apes, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys. Chimpanzee and orangutan TRIM5α proteins functionally resembled human TRIM5α, potently restricting infection by N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) and moderately restricting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Notably, TRIM5α proteins from several New World monkey species restricted infection by SIVmac and the SIV of African green monkeys, SIVagm. Spider monkey TRIM5α, which has an expanded B30.2 domain v3 region due to a tandem triplication, potently blocked infection by a range of retroviruses, including SIVmac, SIVagm, HIV-1, and N-MLV. Tandem duplications in the TRIM5α B30.2 domain v1 region of African green monkeys are also associated with broader antiretroviral activity. Thus, variation in TRIM5α proteins among primate species accounts for the observed patterns of postentry restrictions in cells from these animals. The TRIM5α proteins of some monkey species exhibit dramatic lengthening of particular B30.2 variable regions and an expanded range of susceptible retroviruses.

Spectral Sensitivity in Primates: A Comparative Study

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1239-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Ptito ◽  
Bruno Cardu ◽  
Franco Lepore
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Cebus Capucinus ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Old World Monkey ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Normal Human

The aim of this research was to compare the photopic and scotopic spectral sensitivity of 2 New World monkeys which have not been previously studied ( Cebus Capucinus and Lagothrix) with that of a normal trichromatic and a protanopic human S and an Old World monkey ( Macaca mulatta). Spectral sensitivity was measured at different wavelengths using a modified method of limits. The results showed that the spectral sensitivity was identical for all Ss at a scotopic level. At the photopic level the normal human S and the Old World monkey also had a similar sensitivity. Both New World monkeys had a marked deficiency in the long wavelength part of the spectrum. This deficiency was comparable to that of the human protan. These results added therefore further evidence that New World monkeys are red deficient.

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