2. How to read the book of life

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-27
Author(s):  
John Archibald
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Human Genome Project ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Chain Termination ◽  
Single Molecule Sequencing ◽  
Semiconductor Sequencing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Human Genome Project

For all its biological importance, DNA is a fragile molecule so extracting it is a difficult process. ‘How to read the book of life’ explains the techniques required to sequence DNA. It begins by explaining the techniques developed for protein and RNA sequencing by Frederick Sanger, Robert Holley, and Carl Woese that were then developed further for DNA sequencing. Following the success of the Human Genome Project, the next generation of DNA sequencing was developed in the mid-2000s. Pyrosequencing was capable of generating orders of magnitude more data at a fraction of the cost, but was superceded within a decade by semiconductor sequencing, reversible chain-termination sequencing, and single-molecule sequencing.

scholarly journals Recombinant DNA technology and DNA sequencing

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Human Genome Project ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Dna Technology ◽  
The Human Genome Project

Abstract DNA present in all our cells acts as a template by which cells are built. The human genome project, reading the code of the DNA within our cells, completed in 2003, is undoubtedly one of the great achievements of modern bioscience. Our ability to achieve this and to further understand and manipulate DNA has been tightly linked to our understanding of the bacterial and viral world. Outside of the science, the ability to understand and manipulate this code has far-reaching implications for society. In this article, we explore some of the basic techniques that enable us to read, copy and manipulate DNA sequences alongside a brief consideration of some of the implications for society.

scholarly journals Cultivating DNA Sequencing Technology After the Human Genome Project

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
Jeffery A. Schloss ◽  
Richard A. Gibbs ◽  
Vinod B. Makhijani ◽  
Andre Marziali
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Human Genome Project ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Core Technology ◽  
The Human Genome Project

When the Human Genome Project was completed in 2003, automated Sanger DNA sequencing with fluorescent dye labels was the dominant technology. Several nascent alternative methods based on older ideas that had not been fully developed were the focus of technical researchers and companies. Funding agencies recognized the dynamic nature of technology development and that, beyond the Human Genome Project, there were growing opportunities to deploy DNA sequencing in biological research. Consequently, the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health created a program—widely known as the Advanced Sequencing Technology Program—that stimulated all stages of development of new DNA sequencing methods, from innovation to advanced manufacturing and production testing, with the goal of reducing the cost of sequencing a human genome first to $100,000 and then to $1,000. The events of this period provide a powerful example of how judicious funding of academic and commercial partners can rapidly advance core technology developments that lead to profound advances across the scientific landscape.

Dna Sequencing After the Human Genome Project

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 591-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Cantor ◽  
Kai Tang ◽  
Joel H. Graber ◽  
Maryanne Maloney ◽  
Dong Jing Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Human Genome Project ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
The Human Genome Project

The Future of DNA Sequencing: After the Human Genome Project

1997 ◽  
pp. 239-260
Author(s):  
Charles R. Cantor ◽  
Cassandra L. Smith ◽  
Dong Jing Fu ◽  
Natalia E. Broude ◽  
Ron Yaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Human Genome Project ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Human Genome Project

scholarly journals Progress in DNA sequencing

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-119
Author(s):  
R.A. Bamanga ◽  
J.N. Ja’afar ◽  
A.I. Gali
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Base Pair ◽  
Human Genome Project ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
The Past ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Dollar Price ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sanger Method

The first human genome sequence took about a decade to complete and cost more than two billion dollars. This shows the major limitations of time and cost, and the development of recent technologies for DNA sequencing ultimately aimed at reducing these two factors. The major milestone of the HGP was the sequencing of the first billionth base out of the three billion base pair human genome. However, depending on the platform used in sequencing, the cost has drastically plummeted to about five thousand dollars and this is the work of a single day. The ultimate target of the HGP is to reach a one thousand dollar price mark to sequencing an entire human genome with the highest throughput, and this is slowly but steadily approaching, thanks to the refinements of existing methods, which are reducing the cost per base by the day. This review looks at the advancement of the DNA sequencing methods from the standard Sanger method, through to those applied in today’s research and also focuses on the technologies that have evolved throughout the past three decades with a possible comparison between them and finally a look at some of the limitations of these technologies.Keywords: Human genome project, DNA sequencing, Sanger method

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