John McAleer. Britain’s Maritime Empire: Southern Africa, the Southern Atlantic and the Indian Ocean, 1763–1820.

2018 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 1389-1390
Author(s):  
Kerry Ward
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Maritime Empire

The Influence on Summer Rainfall in the Lesotho Lowlands from Indian Ocean SSTs

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Hydén
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Equatorial Indian Ocean ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Ocean Area ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Lesotho is located approximately at latitude 30 degrees south in the interior of Southern Africa. The mesoscale climate is complicated and governed by various weather systems. The inter-annual rainfall variability is great, resulting in low food security, since the growing of crops in the Lesotho Lowlands is almost exclusively rain-fed. Reliable forecasts of austral summer rainfall are thus valuable. Earlier research has shown that the sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Indian Ocean to some extent govern rainfall in Southern Africa. The research presented is part of an on-going project to find suitable oceanographic and meteorological predictors, which can be used in a forecast model for summer rainfall, to be developed later. The first part of this paper investigates the correlation between the average SSTs in the Equatorial Indian Ocean, the Central Indian Ocean, and the Agulhas Gyre, respectively, and rainfall two months later in the Lesotho Lowlands during early austral summer, October until December for the period 1949-1995. No significant correlations have been found, probably because the three ocean areas are too large. In the second part of this paper the monthly SST in 132 grid squares in the Indian Ocean were investigated and found to be correlated with rainfall in the Lesotho Lowlands two months later, October until March. Significant correlations have been found between the SSTs and certain ocean areas and December, January, and February rainfall, respectively. There is significant negative correlation between December rainfall and October SST in an ocean area between Kenya and Somalia across the Indian Ocean to Sumatra. In the area where the Somali Current flows there is also significant correlation between December SST and December rainfall. January rainfall is significantly negatively correlated with November SST in an ocean area, northeast of Madagascar. February rainfall is significantly, but weakly, negatively correlated with SST in a narrow north-south corridor in the Eastern Indian Ocean from the equator down to latitude 40 degrees south.

Cymbastela sodwaniensis sp. nov. (Halichondrida: Axinellidae): a first record of this sponge genus in South Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 1679-1687
Author(s):  
Toufiek Samaai ◽  
Ruwen Pillay ◽  
Michelle Kelly
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Species ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
East Coast ◽  
First Record ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Cymbastela sodwaniensis sp. nov. (order Halichondrida: family Axinellidae) is described from the subtropical waters of Sodwana Bay on the north-east coast of South Africa. The genus was previously unknown from southern Africa or the western and eastern parts of the Indian Ocean. This record represents the westernmost extent of this predominantly Indo-Pacific to Australasian genus. This new species record brings the number of Cymbastela species described to a total of nine.

Natal, The Cape and the Indian Ocean, 1846–1880

1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Le Cordeur
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Commercial Potential ◽  
National Convention ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Political Economic

Attempts to promote closer relations among the states of Southern Africa in the third quarter of the nineteenth century were thwartedinter aliaby intense rivalry between the two British coastal colonies, Natal and the Cape. The sources of this struggle have usually been sought in the strenuous efforts made by each colony to monopolize the transit trade to the interior and in their attempts to develop in the hinterland those markets which the metropolitan countries of Europe did not offer them. But Natal's geographical situation tempted her also to seek economic salvation in the Indian Ocean. At various stages of the colony's history, Natal's businessmen and politicians showed considerable interest in the commercial potential of the region, in its labour resources, and in the creation of steamship and telegraphic lines of communication through the Ocean to the East and Europe. These, it was believed, would not only be of economic advantage to Natal but would also afford her greater independence in many ways from the older-established and far wealthier sister colony. Yet these conflicting ambitions and policies—particularly the commercial connexions of each colony with Mauritius—did much to exacerbate relations between them. Both in 1866 and in 1876, proposals merely for a free trade treaty in each other's produce were easily defeated. The divergence of interests and sympathies between the two colonies, so evident at the National Convention in 1909, stemmed from a great variety of sources—political, economic, geographical and others. Their rivalry had a long history, but was seldom so pronounced as in the earliest years of their relationship.

scholarly journals Future Precipitation Projections over Central and Southern Africa and the Adjacent Indian Ocean: What Causes the Changes and the Uncertainty?

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 4807-4826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Lazenby ◽  
Martin C. Todd ◽  
Robin Chadwick ◽  
Yi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
The North ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Projected Change ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Dipole Pattern ◽  
Precipitation Projections

Future projections of precipitation at regional scales are vital to inform climate change adaptation activities. Therefore, is it important to quantify projected changes and associated uncertainty, and understand model processes responsible. This paper addresses these challenges for southern Africa and the adjacent Indian Ocean focusing on the local wet season. Precipitation projections for the end of the twenty-first century indicate a pronounced dipole pattern in the CMIP5 multimodel mean. The dipole indicates future wetting (drying) to the north (south) of the climatological axis of maximum rainfall, implying a northward shift of the ITCZ and south Indian Ocean convergence zone that is not consistent with a simple “wet get wetter” pattern. This pattern is most pronounced in early austral summer, suggesting a later and shorter wet season over much of southern Africa. Using a decomposition method we determine physical mechanisms underlying this dipole pattern of projected change, and the associated intermodel uncertainty. The projected dipole pattern is largely associated with the dynamical component of change indicative of shifts in the location of convection. Over the Indian Ocean, this apparent northward shift in the ITCZ may reflect the response to changes in the north–south SST gradient over the Indian Ocean, consistent with a “warmest get wetter” mechanism. Over land subtropical drying is relatively robust, particularly in the early wet season. This has contributions from dynamical shifts in the location of convection, which may be related to regional SST structures in the southern Indian Ocean, and the thermodynamic decline in relative humidity. Implications for understanding and potentially constraining uncertainty in projections are discussed.

Sheep and Central Sudanic Peoples in Southern Africa

1968 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Ehret
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Western Tanzania

This paper, building on the evidence of Bantu words for sheep, develops the hypothesis that livestock-keeping was introduced to southern Africa by people speaking Central Sudanic languages. It is suggested in particular that livestock may have been spread south from western Tanzania, one branch dispersing directly to southern Africa and another eastward to the Indian Ocean seaboard. It should be possible to test this hypothesis further as our knowledge of the languages involved, especially the Central Sudanic languages, grows.

Gandhi’s ‘Bitter Fortnight’

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-86
Author(s):  
Imraan Coovadia
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Community Leader ◽  
Passive Resistance ◽  
Global Movement ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Economics And Politics

The chapter explores the drawn-out process of Gandhi’s radicalization, which began almost immediately on his arrival in South Africa on 24 May 1873. In the next fortnight, Gandhi would meet unexpected resistance to his presence in a courtroom, on a train, and on top of a stagecoach, a series of adversarial encounters. The chapter considers Gandhi’s drive to engagement and confrontation, which predated his emergence as a community leader and organizer of passive resistance. In trying to understand how a junior representative of a modest company trading along the rim of the Indian Ocean became the focus of a global movement, as well as establishing himself as an original critic of economics and politics, the chapter examines material covering the duration of Gandhi’s sojourn in Southern Africa.

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