Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Analysis of Cohort Studies

BackgroundIn spite of the growing literature about adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), relatively little is known about the prevalence and correlates of this disorder.AimsTo estimate the prevalence of adult ADHD and to identify its demographic correlates using meta-regression analysis.MethodWe used the MEDLINE, PsycLit and EMBASE databases as well as hand-searching to find relevant publications.ResultsThe pooled prevalence of adult ADHD was 2.5% (95% CI 2.1–3.1). Gender and mean age, interacting with each other, were significantly related to prevalence of ADHD. Metaregression analysis indicated that the proportion of participants with ADHD decreased with age when men and women were equally represented in the sample.ConclusionsPrevalence of ADHD in adults declines with age in the general population. We think, however, that the unclear validity of DSM–IV diagnostic criteria for this condition can lead to reduced prevalence rates by underestimation of the prevalence of adult ADHD.

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Predicted effect size of lisdexamfetamine treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in European adults: Estimates based on indirect analysis using a systematic review and meta-regression analysis

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.001 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 521-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. Fridman ◽

P.S. Hodgkins ◽

J.S. Kahle ◽

M.H. Erder

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Effect Size ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Meta Regression ◽

Meta Regression Analysis

AbstractBackground:There are few approved therapies for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Europe. Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is an effective treatment for ADHD; however, no clinical trials examining the efficacy of LDX specifically in European adults have been conducted. Therefore, to estimate the efficacy of LDX in European adults we performed a meta-regression of existing clinical data.Methods:A systematic review identified US- and Europe-based randomized efficacy trials of LDX, atomoxetine (ATX), or osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) in children/adolescents and adults. A meta-regression model was then fitted to the published/calculated effect sizes (Cohen'sd) using medication, geographical location, and age group as predictors. The LDX effect size in European adults was extrapolated from the fitted model. Sensitivity analyses performed included using adult-only studies and adding studies with placebo designs other than a standard pill-placebo design.Results:Twenty-two of 2832 identified articles met inclusion criteria. The model-estimated effect size of LDX for European adults was 1.070 (95% confidence interval: 0.738, 1.401), larger than the 0.8 threshold for large effect sizes. The overall model fit was adequate (80%) and stable in the sensitivity analyses.Conclusion:This model predicts that LDX may have a large treatment effect size in European adults with ADHD.

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