scholarly journals Reciprocal Introgression Between Golden-Winged Warblers (Vermivora Chrysoptera) and Blue-Winged Warblers (V. Pinus) in Eastern North America

The Auk ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019-1030
Author(s):  
Leo H. Shapiro ◽  
Ronald A. Canterbury ◽  
Dollie M. Stover ◽  
Robert C. Fleischer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Neotropical Migrant ◽  
Vermivora Chrysoptera ◽  
The Many

Abstract Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) and Blue-winged Warblers (V. pinus) are small, brightly colored Neotropical migrant birds that breed in eastern North America. Wherever the two species occur together, they hybridize to a limited degree, producing distinctive hybrid phenotypes. In recent decades, chrysoptera has experienced dramatic population declines across much of its range. Those declines have often been correlated with establishment and increase of pinus in the same areas, but it remains uncertain what, if any, role pinus has played in driving the decline of chrysoptera. In a first attempt at molecular genetic analysis of chrysoptera-pinus population dynamics, Gill (1997) reported cryptic, completely asymmetric, and possibly very rapid introgression of pinus mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into chrysoptera, causing what he termed “local cytonuclear extinction” of chrysoptera. As Gill (1997) noted, however, those results were based on relatively small samples from a single area in Pennsylvania. To begin to investigate the generality of Gill’s findings and to establish a baseline for long-term genetic and ecological studies, we intensively sampled one new study area (in southern West Virginia) and also sampled more broadly across two other areas (in Michigan and Ohio) that have experienced pinus invasions and chrysoptera declines. In southern West Virginia, introgression of mtDNA appeared to be roughly symmetrical: 15% (11 of 72) of pinus phenotypes possessed chrysoptera mtDNA, and 12% (17 of 137) of chrysoptera phenotypes possessed pinus mtDNA. Results from much smaller samples from Michigan and Ohio also failed to show any evidence of asymmetric mitochondrial introgression. The results we report here, based on mtDNA and plumage phenotype information for 337 birds representing much of the range of the two species, indicate that previous genetic results and inferences from Pennsylvania may not be broadly applicable to the many areas of contact between chrysoptera and pinus in eastern North America.

RECIPROCAL INTROGRESSION BETWEEN GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLERS (VERMIVORA CHRYSOPTERA) AND BLUE-WINGED WARBLERS (V. PINUS) IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

The Auk ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo H. Shapiro ◽  
Ronald A. Canterbury ◽  
Dollie M. Stover ◽  
Robert C. Fleischer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Vermivora Chrysoptera

scholarly journals Wing Color of Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in Eastern North America across Life Stages: Migrants Are “Redder” than Breeding and Overwintering Stages

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Davis
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Danaus Plexippus ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Monarch Butterflies ◽  
Bright Orange ◽  
The Many

Monarch butterflies are famous among insects for their unique migration in eastern North America to overwinter sites in Mexico and their bright orange wing color, which has an aposematic function. While capturing migrating monarchs in northeast Georgia, USA, I noticed that many appeared to have unusually deep orange wings. I initiated the current study to compare wing hues (obtained using image analysis of scanned wings) of migrants (captured in 2005 and 2008) to samples of breeding and overwintering monarchs. Consistent with initial observations, migrants had significantly lower orange hues (reflecting deeper, redder orange colors) than breeding and overwintering monarchs. There was also a difference in hue between sexes and a relationship with wing size, such that larger monarchs had deeper, redder hues. The reasons for the color difference of migrants are not apparent, but one possibility is that the longer-lived migrant generation has denser scalation to allow for scale loss over their lifespan. Alternatively, this effect could be confined to the subpopulation of monarchs in the Southeastern United States, which may not be well represented at the Mexican overwintering sites. In any case, this discovery highlights the many questions emerging on the significance of wing color variation in this species.

Ethnohistorical and Ethnographic Sources on Bear-Human Relationships in Native Eastern North America

Bears ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 16-47
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Waselkov
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
The Many ◽  
Eastern Half

This chapter compiles outsiders’ reactions to relationships observed between Native Americans and black bears (Ursus americanus) in the eastern half of the continent, with emphasis on the Southeast, during the sixteenth to early twentieth centuries. Written accounts provide a sense of the diverse patterns of bear-human relationships expressed by Native Americans that are potentially revealed by zooarchaeology. These accounts focus on economic transactions and food acquisition, preparation, and consumption. References cover bear hunting methods, bear meat consumption, the many uses of bear hides and bear oil, and some notes on bear cubs kept as pets. This systematic overview of ethnohistorical accounts and ethnographic sources on bear-human relationships in Native Eastern North America can inform interpretations of bear remains by zooarchaeologists who are studying Indigenous lifeways in contexts of hunting intensification, commodification of forest products, encroachment by intrusive settlers, missionizing, and cooption of Native American political elites.

A new genus and species of Epicriidae (Acari, Mesostigmata) from eastern North America

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
María L. Moraza
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North America ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Adult Females

AbstractA new genus, Adenoepicriusgen. nov., is described, with Adenoepicrius magnussp. nov. from Canada designated as type. Also described are A. oconnorisp. nov. (New York, Ontario), A. curtipilussp. nov. (Virginia), and A. virginianussp. nov. (West Virginia). A key to species based on adult females is provided.

Molecular genetic analysis of air, water, and soil to detect big brown bats in North America

2021 ◽  
Vol 261 ◽  
pp. 109252
Author(s):  
Natasha R. Serrao ◽  
Julie K. Weckworth ◽  
Kevin S. McKelvey ◽  
Joseph C. Dysthe ◽  
Michael K. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Big Brown Bats

Working With Wilmsen: Paleoindian End Scraper Design and use at Nobles Pond

2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark F. Seeman ◽  
Thomas J. Loebel ◽  
Aaron Comstock ◽  
Garry L. Summers
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tool Design ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
The West ◽  
Organization Of Work ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function

AbstractThis study is an investigation of tool design and the organization of work. Here we further test Wilmsen’s (1970) conclusion that early Paleoindian tools—specifically, hafted end scrapers—were redesigned to facilitate the processing of a broader range of resources as colonizing populations moved into the forested environments of eastern North America from the west. We use a large sample from the Nobles Pond site, morphometic variables, and high-powered microwear to evaluate the effects of design and reduction as they bear on this generalization. Results do not support Wilmsen’s model, and, more generally, we conclude that an understanding of form and function in reductive technologies comes not only from an appreciation of the planned, stage-like change that is inherent in the design of reliable tools, but also from a consideration of the many contingencies and particular work situations that arise in the lives of mobile foragers.

scholarly journals First Report of the Aecial State of Melampsora larici-populina on Larix spp. in North America

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 1242-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Grondin ◽  
M. Bourassa ◽  
R. C. Hamelin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
North America ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Pathogenic Variation ◽  
The Many

Melampsora larici-populina Kleb. was reported for the first time in eastern North America during 2002, on Populus spp., its telial host (1). M. larici-populina, a heteroecious rust, alternates between species of Populus and Larix. Since M. larici-populina was observed again in 2003, we investigated the possibility that its basidiospores may infect larch (Larix spp.) resulting in spermogonia and aecia. Identification of Melampsora species from aeciospore morphology is difficult but urediniospores are distinctive. This is important since the native M. medusae also alternates between Populus and Larix spp. During the spring of 2004, aecia were observed on needles of exotic (Larix decidua Mill. and L. leptolepis (Siebold and Zucc.) Gordon) and indigenous (L. laricina (K. Koch)) larch in an arboretum in Lotbinière (Quebec, Canada) where M. larici-populina has previously been found. Larch needles with yellow blister-like fructifications were collected in May 2004 and fixed on top of petri plates to allow aeciospore release onto leaves of Jackii poplar (Populus balsamifera L. × P. deltoides Marsh.). After approximately 10 days, uredinia appeared on the abaxial surface of the poplar leaves. Some of the many needles collected yielded uredinia cultures on Jackii poplars. The majority of these cultures were identified as being M. larici-populina; one was M. medusae. M. larici-populina urediniospores were 32 to 48 μm long and possessed a characteristic apical bald spot. DNA was extracted from aecia and uredinia, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA gene was amplified in real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by specific primers for M. medusae or M. larici-populina created from sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. AY429656 and AY429657). The 120 base pairs target fragments amplified only with the M. larici-populina specific primers with the 14 samples that were identified as M. larici-populina by morphological characteristics of the urediniospores. No PCR amplification was obtained with M. medusae primers. These results were not unexpected since larch has been previously reported as an aecial host of M. larici-populina elsewhere (2). The ability of M. larici-populina to overwinter and complete its life cycle has important consequences since it proves that it is established and can go through sexual reproduction. A complete life cycle in eastern North America may allow M. larici-populina to generate pathogenic variation that will challenge poplar breeders in this region. References: (1) L. Innes et al. Plant Dis. 88:85, 2004. (2) G. Newcombe et al. Plant Dis. 78:1218, 1994.

LATE ARCHAIC RITUALISM IN DOMESTIC CONTEXTS: CLAY-FLOORED SHRINES AT THE BURRELL ORCHARD SITE, OHIO

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian G. Redmond
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
The Many ◽  
New Evidence

Past research on the development of Archaic ideological complexity in eastern North America has focused on ritualism and ceremony related to mortuary behaviors, with less attention to ritualism within what is commonly thought of as domestic contexts without overt mortuary ceremonialism or monumental architecture. The recent discovery of puddled clay architecture and associated features at the Burrell Orchard site (33LN15) in northeast Ohio provides new evidence of significant, nonmortuary ritualism within Late Archaic basecamp contexts. That such activity took place alongside normal seasonal subsistence tasks is revealed by thick midden deposits containing abundant burned rock, nutshell, and deer bone. The many bone and stone tool deposits associated with the floors, along with the labor-intensive nature of the clay construction for what appears to have been individually short-term use, support the interpretation of these features as shrines possibly associated with hunting ritualism.

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