scholarly journals First Report of the Aecial State of Melampsora larici-populina on Larix spp. in North America

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 1242-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Grondin ◽  
M. Bourassa ◽  
R. C. Hamelin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
North America ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Pathogenic Variation ◽  
The Many

Melampsora larici-populina Kleb. was reported for the first time in eastern North America during 2002, on Populus spp., its telial host (1). M. larici-populina, a heteroecious rust, alternates between species of Populus and Larix. Since M. larici-populina was observed again in 2003, we investigated the possibility that its basidiospores may infect larch (Larix spp.) resulting in spermogonia and aecia. Identification of Melampsora species from aeciospore morphology is difficult but urediniospores are distinctive. This is important since the native M. medusae also alternates between Populus and Larix spp. During the spring of 2004, aecia were observed on needles of exotic (Larix decidua Mill. and L. leptolepis (Siebold and Zucc.) Gordon) and indigenous (L. laricina (K. Koch)) larch in an arboretum in Lotbinière (Quebec, Canada) where M. larici-populina has previously been found. Larch needles with yellow blister-like fructifications were collected in May 2004 and fixed on top of petri plates to allow aeciospore release onto leaves of Jackii poplar (Populus balsamifera L. × P. deltoides Marsh.). After approximately 10 days, uredinia appeared on the abaxial surface of the poplar leaves. Some of the many needles collected yielded uredinia cultures on Jackii poplars. The majority of these cultures were identified as being M. larici-populina; one was M. medusae. M. larici-populina urediniospores were 32 to 48 μm long and possessed a characteristic apical bald spot. DNA was extracted from aecia and uredinia, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA gene was amplified in real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by specific primers for M. medusae or M. larici-populina created from sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. AY429656 and AY429657). The 120 base pairs target fragments amplified only with the M. larici-populina specific primers with the 14 samples that were identified as M. larici-populina by morphological characteristics of the urediniospores. No PCR amplification was obtained with M. medusae primers. These results were not unexpected since larch has been previously reported as an aecial host of M. larici-populina elsewhere (2). The ability of M. larici-populina to overwinter and complete its life cycle has important consequences since it proves that it is established and can go through sexual reproduction. A complete life cycle in eastern North America may allow M. larici-populina to generate pathogenic variation that will challenge poplar breeders in this region. References: (1) L. Innes et al. Plant Dis. 88:85, 2004. (2) G. Newcombe et al. Plant Dis. 78:1218, 1994.

The reproduction and larval development of Nereis fucata (Savigny)

1959 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Brown-Gilpin
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hermit Crabs ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Reproductive Patterns ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

The wide variety of reproductive patterns and behaviour in the many species of Nereidae already studied clearly justifies further research. But the life history of Nereis fucata (Savigny) is not only of interest from the comparative point of view. Its commensal habit (it occurs within shells occupied by hermit crabs) immediately gives it a special importance. This alone warrants a detailed study, particularly as no commensal polychaete has yet been reared through to metamorphosis and settlement on its host (Davenport, 1955; Davenport & Hickok, 1957). The numerous interesting problems which arise, and the experimental methods needed to study them, are, however, beyond the range of a paper on nereid development. It is therefore proposed to confine the present account to the reproduction and development up to the time when the larvae settle on the bottom. The complete life cycle, the mechanism of host-adoption, and related topics, will be reported in later papers.

Detection of Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) wool using Velcro-covered balls

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Fidgen ◽  
Mark C. Whitmore ◽  
Chris J.K. MacQuarrie ◽  
Jean J. Turgeon
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
North America ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Field Sampling ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Precision Level ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), a nonindigenous insect pest of hemlock (Tsuga spp.) (Pinaceae) in eastern North America, spends most of its life cycle within an ovisac, which resembles a woolly white mass on twigs. We evaluated the probability of detecting adelgid wool with Velcro®-covered balls when taking an increasing number of samples per tree (field sampling) and number of trees per simulated stand. We examined the relationship between the detection of adelgid wool using this technique and the incidence of A. tsugae-infested twigs by sampling lower-crown branch tips of the same trees. We found that the probability of detecting wool with ball sampling increased with number of ball samples per tree, with number of trees per simulated stand, and with increasing incidence of ovisacs in the lower crown. When sampling an individual tree, we found that 20 ball samples per tree achieved a targeted precision level of 0.75, but when sampling a stand, we found that 10 ball samples per tree took the least time for the range of simulated A. tsugae infestations we tested. These sample sizes are recommended for detection of A. tsugae infestations on an individual tree and in a hemlock stand.

scholarly journals Wing Color of Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in Eastern North America across Life Stages: Migrants Are “Redder” than Breeding and Overwintering Stages

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Davis
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Danaus Plexippus ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Monarch Butterflies ◽  
Bright Orange ◽  
The Many

Monarch butterflies are famous among insects for their unique migration in eastern North America to overwinter sites in Mexico and their bright orange wing color, which has an aposematic function. While capturing migrating monarchs in northeast Georgia, USA, I noticed that many appeared to have unusually deep orange wings. I initiated the current study to compare wing hues (obtained using image analysis of scanned wings) of migrants (captured in 2005 and 2008) to samples of breeding and overwintering monarchs. Consistent with initial observations, migrants had significantly lower orange hues (reflecting deeper, redder orange colors) than breeding and overwintering monarchs. There was also a difference in hue between sexes and a relationship with wing size, such that larger monarchs had deeper, redder hues. The reasons for the color difference of migrants are not apparent, but one possibility is that the longer-lived migrant generation has denser scalation to allow for scale loss over their lifespan. Alternatively, this effect could be confined to the subpopulation of monarchs in the Southeastern United States, which may not be well represented at the Mexican overwintering sites. In any case, this discovery highlights the many questions emerging on the significance of wing color variation in this species.

scholarly journals First Report of Beech Leaf Disease, Caused by Litylenchus crenatae mccannii, on American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) in Virginia

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihail R. Kantor ◽  
Zafar Ahmad Handoo ◽  
Lynn Carta ◽  
Shiguang Li
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Fagus Crenata ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
American Beech ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leaf Disease ◽  
Foliar Nematode

Beech leaf disease (BLD) was first reported in 2012 in Lake County, Ohio on American beech trees (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). Since then, it spread across the Northeastern United States and has been reported from Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maine, West Virginia, and Ontario, Canada (Carta et al. 2020; Mara and LaMondia 2020, Reid et al. 2020). The symptoms of BLD are characterized by dark interveinal banding of leaves appearing soon after spring flush that become chlorotic and necrotic through autumn, resulting in canopy thinning in advanced stages, followed in some young trees by death. Litylenchus crenatae mccannii has similar morphological characteristics with Litylenchus crenatae (Kanzaki et al. 2019) reported on Fagus crenata from Japan. However that beech species has not shown BLD symptoms or yielded any L. crenatae mccannii in North America. There are several morphological differences between the two. The North American subspecies have shorter post-uterine sac, narrower body width in mature females, shorter tail in immature females, longer tail in mature females, and longer stylet in males when compared to the Japanese subspecies (Carta et al. 2020). BLD symptoms were found on American beech trees in Prince William Forest Park, Prince William County, Virginia in June, 2021. The affected leaves contained females, males, and juveniles with morphometrics consistent with L. crenatae mccannii (Carta et al. 2020). The crude genomic DNA from a live single Litylenchus was prepared with freeze-thaw lysis (Carta and Li, 2019). The ITS PCR were performed by using the procedures and primer set, ITS-CL-F2 and 28S-CL-R described in the previous study (Carta and Li, 2020). The visualization, the cleanup and the direct DNA sequencing of the PCR products were performed by using the procedures described in the previous studies (Carta and Li, 2018 and 2019). Sequences were submitted to GenBank as accessions MZ611855 and MZ611856. This represents the first report of BLD in Virginia. It is also approximately 300 miles south of the 2020 detection of BLD from New Cumberland, WV, and represents the southernmost detection of the disease and nematode in North America. The author(s) declare no conflict of interest. References Carta, L.K., Li, S. 2018. Improved 18S small subunit rDNA primers for problematic nematode amplification. Journal of Nematology. 50, 533-542. Carta, L.K., Li, S. 2019. PCR amplification of a long rDNA segment with one primer pair in agriculturally important nematodes. Journal of Nematology. 51, e2019-26. Carta, L.K., Li, S. 2020. Improvement of long segment ribosomal PCR amplification for the molecular taxonomic identification of Litylenchus crenatae mccannii in beech trees with beech leaf disease. Journal of Nematology. 52, e2020-016. Kanzaki, N., Ichihara, Y., Aikawa, T., Ekino, T., Masuya, H. 2019. Litylenchus crenatae n. sp. (Tylenchomorpha: Anguinidae), a leaf gall nematode parasitising Fagus crenata Blume Nematology 21 (1), 5-22. http://www.brill.com/nematology doi: 10.1163/15685411-00003190 Marra, R.E., LaMondia, J. 2020. First report of beech leaf disease, caused by the foliar nematode, Litylenchus crenatae mccannii, on American beech (Fagus grandifolia) in Connecticut. Plant Disease (early view). https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-20-0442-PDN Reed, S. E., Greifenhagen, S., Yu, Q., Hoke A., Burke D. J., Carta L. K., Handoo Z.A., Kantor, M.R., Koch, J. 2020. Foliar nematode, Litylenchus crenatae ssp. mccannii, population dynamics in leaves and buds of beech leaf disease-affected trees in Canada and the US. Forest Pathology 50 (3), e12599.

scholarly journals Reciprocal Introgression Between Golden-Winged Warblers (Vermivora Chrysoptera) and Blue-Winged Warblers (V. Pinus) in Eastern North America

The Auk ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019-1030
Author(s):  
Leo H. Shapiro ◽  
Ronald A. Canterbury ◽  
Dollie M. Stover ◽  
Robert C. Fleischer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Neotropical Migrant ◽  
Vermivora Chrysoptera ◽  
The Many

Abstract Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) and Blue-winged Warblers (V. pinus) are small, brightly colored Neotropical migrant birds that breed in eastern North America. Wherever the two species occur together, they hybridize to a limited degree, producing distinctive hybrid phenotypes. In recent decades, chrysoptera has experienced dramatic population declines across much of its range. Those declines have often been correlated with establishment and increase of pinus in the same areas, but it remains uncertain what, if any, role pinus has played in driving the decline of chrysoptera. In a first attempt at molecular genetic analysis of chrysoptera-pinus population dynamics, Gill (1997) reported cryptic, completely asymmetric, and possibly very rapid introgression of pinus mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into chrysoptera, causing what he termed “local cytonuclear extinction” of chrysoptera. As Gill (1997) noted, however, those results were based on relatively small samples from a single area in Pennsylvania. To begin to investigate the generality of Gill’s findings and to establish a baseline for long-term genetic and ecological studies, we intensively sampled one new study area (in southern West Virginia) and also sampled more broadly across two other areas (in Michigan and Ohio) that have experienced pinus invasions and chrysoptera declines. In southern West Virginia, introgression of mtDNA appeared to be roughly symmetrical: 15% (11 of 72) of pinus phenotypes possessed chrysoptera mtDNA, and 12% (17 of 137) of chrysoptera phenotypes possessed pinus mtDNA. Results from much smaller samples from Michigan and Ohio also failed to show any evidence of asymmetric mitochondrial introgression. The results we report here, based on mtDNA and plumage phenotype information for 337 birds representing much of the range of the two species, indicate that previous genetic results and inferences from Pennsylvania may not be broadly applicable to the many areas of contact between chrysoptera and pinus in eastern North America.

Ethnohistorical and Ethnographic Sources on Bear-Human Relationships in Native Eastern North America

Bears ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 16-47
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Waselkov
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
The Many ◽  
Eastern Half

This chapter compiles outsiders’ reactions to relationships observed between Native Americans and black bears (Ursus americanus) in the eastern half of the continent, with emphasis on the Southeast, during the sixteenth to early twentieth centuries. Written accounts provide a sense of the diverse patterns of bear-human relationships expressed by Native Americans that are potentially revealed by zooarchaeology. These accounts focus on economic transactions and food acquisition, preparation, and consumption. References cover bear hunting methods, bear meat consumption, the many uses of bear hides and bear oil, and some notes on bear cubs kept as pets. This systematic overview of ethnohistorical accounts and ethnographic sources on bear-human relationships in Native Eastern North America can inform interpretations of bear remains by zooarchaeologists who are studying Indigenous lifeways in contexts of hunting intensification, commodification of forest products, encroachment by intrusive settlers, missionizing, and cooption of Native American political elites.

The morphology and life-cycle of Cephalochlamys namaquensis (Cohn, 1906) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from Xenopus muelleri and X. laevis

Parasitology ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
June P. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Fish Farm ◽  
Makerere University ◽  
Egg Capsules ◽  
University College ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Research Grant

Some morphological characteristics of Cephalochlamys namaquensis from Xenopus muelleri collected at Kajansi, Kampala, are described.Specimens of cestodes from other localities in Africa are compared with those from Kajansi in order to assess the reliability of the characters of the proposed genus Pseudocephalochlamys Yamaguti, 1959. Reasons are given for rejecting the genus.The embryonated, non-operculate egg capsules hatch at once in water. The ciliated coracidium is eaten by cyclopid copepods and the oncosphere rapidly penetrates through the mid-gut wall into the haemocoel. The procercoid develops a cercomer which moves actively during development and which retains the six hooks of the oncosphere. The procercoid develops the scolex, osmoregulatory canals and calcareous corpuscles typical of the adult while within the copepod. It is enclosed within a membrane. The procercoid is infective to Xenopus toads 20 days after being ingested by the copepod. No other intermediate host has been found.Thermocyclops infrequens Kiefer is the intermediate host at Kajansi, Kampala. The maximum number of C. namaquensis recovered from one toad was 103; usually there are between 1 and 6 per toad. Between 22% and 100% of Xenopus muelleri and X. laevis from different localities are infected with C. namaquensis.I wish to express by thanks to the Fisheries Officers and fishermen of Kajansi Fish Farm who have willingly caught Xenopus for me whenever required, and also to the many other people who have assisted me in getting specimens with which to work.I am also indebted to Mr L. Rugema who prepared most of the histological preparations, to Dr J. Green, Westfield College, London, who kindly identified Thermocyclops infrequens, and to Dr G. Rees, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, who gave me many useful comments during the course of this work.A research grant from Makerere University College contributed towards the cost of obtaining specimens.

Contrasting seed germination patterns for intracontinental disjuncts of Heuchera (Saxifragaceae) in North America: the eastern temperate H. parviflora and western montane H. cylindrica

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1185-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti N Hidayati ◽  
Jeffrey L Walck
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
North America ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Cold Stratification ◽  
Germination Characteristics ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Dispersal Stage ◽  
The Many ◽  
Northwestern North America

Heuchera parviflora var. parviflora grows primarily in southeastern North America and Heuchera cylindrica var. cylindrica in northwestern North America. Seeds of H. parviflora were collected in Kentucky in November 1995 and 1996 during the dispersal stage of the life cycle, and those of H. cylindrica were collected in Washington in August 1996. The purpose of the study was to compare the germination patterns of these two intracontinental disjunct species of Heuchera. During 2–12 weeks of incubation over a range of thermoperiods (15:6, 20:10, 25:15, 30:15, 35:20°C (12 h : 12 h)) that simulated habitat temperatures, fresh H. parviflora seeds germinated to 62–87% at 20:10 – 30:15°C in light. Cold stratification at 5°C effectively broke conditional dormancy in H. parviflora seeds: 76–96% germination took place during 2 weeks of incubation at 15:6 – 35:20°C in light following 12 weeks of cold stratification in light. In contrast, fresh H. cylindrica seeds germinated to 69–94% at 15:6 – 25:15°C in light during 2–12 weeks of incubation in light, but cold stratification at 5°C did not improve germination. Peak germination of H. parviflora seeds sown in November 1996 in an ambient-temperature greenhouse occurred in early March 1997, whereas that of H. cylindrica seeds sown in September 1996 occurred in late October 1996. Adaptive divergence of these species apparently has occurred with respect to their seed germination ecology. Their dormancy and germination characteristics are similar to the many other species growing in the same vegetation types.Key words: adaptive divergence, Heuchera cylindrica, Heuchera parviflora, physiological dormancy, Saxifragaceae, seed germination.

Working With Wilmsen: Paleoindian End Scraper Design and use at Nobles Pond

2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark F. Seeman ◽  
Thomas J. Loebel ◽  
Aaron Comstock ◽  
Garry L. Summers
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tool Design ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
The West ◽  
Organization Of Work ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function

AbstractThis study is an investigation of tool design and the organization of work. Here we further test Wilmsen’s (1970) conclusion that early Paleoindian tools—specifically, hafted end scrapers—were redesigned to facilitate the processing of a broader range of resources as colonizing populations moved into the forested environments of eastern North America from the west. We use a large sample from the Nobles Pond site, morphometic variables, and high-powered microwear to evaluate the effects of design and reduction as they bear on this generalization. Results do not support Wilmsen’s model, and, more generally, we conclude that an understanding of form and function in reductive technologies comes not only from an appreciation of the planned, stage-like change that is inherent in the design of reliable tools, but also from a consideration of the many contingencies and particular work situations that arise in the lives of mobile foragers.

LATE ARCHAIC RITUALISM IN DOMESTIC CONTEXTS: CLAY-FLOORED SHRINES AT THE BURRELL ORCHARD SITE, OHIO

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian G. Redmond
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
The Many ◽  
New Evidence

Past research on the development of Archaic ideological complexity in eastern North America has focused on ritualism and ceremony related to mortuary behaviors, with less attention to ritualism within what is commonly thought of as domestic contexts without overt mortuary ceremonialism or monumental architecture. The recent discovery of puddled clay architecture and associated features at the Burrell Orchard site (33LN15) in northeast Ohio provides new evidence of significant, nonmortuary ritualism within Late Archaic basecamp contexts. That such activity took place alongside normal seasonal subsistence tasks is revealed by thick midden deposits containing abundant burned rock, nutshell, and deer bone. The many bone and stone tool deposits associated with the floors, along with the labor-intensive nature of the clay construction for what appears to have been individually short-term use, support the interpretation of these features as shrines possibly associated with hunting ritualism.

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