Time-Activity Budgets of Harlequin Ducks Molting in the Gannet Islands, Labrador

Abstract We studied the time-activity budgets of Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) molting at the Gannet Islands, Labrador in the summer of 1998. For the entire population, a large proportion of time was spent hauled out of the water (61.4%), and resting (53.5%). Only a small proportion of time was spent foraging (11.6%). Male Harlequin Ducks undergoing the pre-basic molt were hauled out of the water significantly more (92.2%) than males in basic plumage (8.1%). Males undergoing the pre-basic body feather molt foraged significantly less (1.7%) than males in basic plumage (17.7%). Harlequin Ducks do not appear to increase their food intake to meet the nutritional requirements of molt. Instead they may try to reduce thermoregulatory and maintenance costs by engaging in activities that do not consume much energy, and by staying out of cold water while their plumage is not intact. Furthermore, they may deliberately lose body mass while molting to regain the ability to fly at an earlier stage of wing molt.

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Dose-response relationships of harlequin duck behaviour to noise from low-level military jet over-flights in central Labrador

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892904001651 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 289-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

R. IAN GOUDIE ◽

IAN L. JONES

Keyword(s):

Dose Response ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Military Training ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Whole Body ◽

Time Activity ◽

Low Level ◽

Lake Outlet ◽

Harlequin Ducks ◽

Training Area

Concern for the lack of field studies on the effects of low-level military jet over-flights on wildlife resulted in directed research in the Military Training Area of Labrador, 1999–2002. At Fig River, a tributary of the Lower Churchill River, a before-after-control-impact (BACI) study design quantified effects of aircraft over-flights on behaviour of individual harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) in the 130 000 km2 Military Training Area of central Labrador. Noise generated from low-level passes (30–100 m above ground level) by military jets was sudden in onset and high in amplitude (>100 dBA), substantially above background sound levels both at Fig Lake outlet (40–50 dBA) and rapid sections of Fig River (60–70 dBA). Harlequin ducks reacted to noise from military jets with alert behaviour, showing a positive dose-response that especially intensified when noise exceeded 80 dBA. Residual effects, in other words, deviations from normal behaviour patterns after initial responses, were decreased courtship behaviour for up to 1.5 h after, and increased agonistic behaviour for up to 2 h after military jet over-flights. Direct behavioural responses to military jet over-flights were of short duration (generally <1 min), and were unlikely to affect critical behaviours such as feeding and resting in the overall time-activity budgets of breeding pairs. However, the presence of residual effects on behaviour implied whole-body stress responses that were potentially more serious; these require further study because they are potentially more detrimental than immediate responses, and may not be detected in studies that focus on readily observed overt responses. A dose-response curve relating particular behaviours of harlequin ducks to associated noise of over-flights could be a valuable conservation tool for the research and mitigation of environmental impacts of aircraft and other noise.

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Diurnal time-activity budgets of Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis in Karaivetti Lake, Tamil Nadu, India

Scientific Transactions in Enviornment and Technovation ◽

10.20894/stet.116.008.002.006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 79-83

Author(s):

Varadharajan Gokula ◽

Keyword(s):

Tamil Nadu ◽

Activity Budgets ◽

Time Activity

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A note on the effects of frequency and method of feeding milk substitute on the performance of Friesian and Ayrshire calves

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100017153 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 333-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. J. Broadbent

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Cold Water ◽

Live Weight ◽

Drinking Behaviour ◽

Milk Consumption ◽

Blood Temperature ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Milk Substitute ◽

Liquid Milk ◽

Ad Libitum

SUMMARY1. Forty British Friesian and 33 Ayrshire male calves were reared on one of three treatments differing in frequency and method of feedingwhole milk and milk substitute.2. The calves were introduced to their treatments on arrival. The Ayrshire calves were offered whole milk for 24 days as two feeds of up to 1·42 litres warm milk each (2W), or one feed of up to 2·84 litres warm milk (1W) daily, or cold milk ad libitum (AC). Thereafter they received milk substitute on one of the following regimes which were applied to the Friesian calves from arrival. The regimes were 454 g milk-substitute powder reconstituted at the rate of 158 g per litre warm water (approximately blood temperature) given in two feeds of 227 g per day (2W) or one feed of 454 g per day (1W), and milk-substitute powder reconstituted with cold water at the rate of 100 g per litre offered ad libitum (AC).3. Calves on treatment AC had higher live-weight gains and consumed more whole milk, milk substitute and less concentrates than those on other treatments. These differences were significant. There were differences in drinking behaviour on treatment AC between Friesian and Ayrshire calves which may have been due to differences in age at the start of the experiment. Solid food intake was affected by both level and pattern of liquid milk consumption. The practical and financial implications of treatment AC are discussed.

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Winter Time-Activity Budgets of Diving Ducks on Eastern Texas Reservoirs

Waterbirds ◽

10.1675/063.032.0408 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 548-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Shaun L. Crook ◽

Warren C. Conway ◽

Corey D. Mason ◽

Kevin J. Kraai

Keyword(s):

Activity Budgets ◽

Time Activity ◽

Diving Ducks ◽

Winter Time

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Time-activity budgets of stiff-tailed ducks in Puerto Rico

Global Ecology and Conservation ◽

10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00676 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. e00676

Author(s):

Nickolas S. Goodman ◽

Jack C. Eitniear ◽

James T. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Puerto Rico ◽

Activity Budgets ◽

Time Activity

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Effects of Nestling Provisioning on the Time-Activity Budgets of Male red-Winged Blackbirds

The Condor ◽

10.2307/1369620 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 730-734 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Linda A. Whittingham

Keyword(s):

Activity Budgets ◽

Time Activity ◽

Nestling Provisioning

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Breeding behaviour and time-activity budgets of Bonelli’s Eagles Aquila fasciata: marked sexual differences in parental activities

Bird Study ◽

10.1080/00063657.2020.1733487 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 35-44

Author(s):

José E. Martínez ◽

Iñigo Zuberogoitia ◽

José M. Escarabajal ◽

Ester Cerezo ◽

José F. Calvo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Differences ◽

Activity Budgets ◽

Time Activity ◽

Breeding Behaviour ◽

Aquila Fasciata

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The effect of feeding diets containing intact or partially detoxified lupin on voluntary intake and milk production by Friesian dairy cows

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800008316 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 169-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. A. Mukisira ◽

L. E. Phillip ◽

B. N. Mitaru

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Cold Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractThe study determined the effects of partial removal of alkaloids (detoxification) in crushed lupin seed (CLS) on voluntary food intake, and yield and composition of milk from dairy cattle. Twenty multiparous Friesian dairy cows (first 90 days of lactation) were assigned, according to a randomized complete-block design, to five diets. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (25·6 g N per kg of diet dry matter (DM)) and contained napier grass, lucerne hay, maize bran and urea. The control diet (CON) contained sunflower meal; two diets contained intact CLS at 150 (LUI-15) or 300 g (LUl-30) per kg diet DM. The other two diets contained detoxified CLS at 150 (LUD-15) or 300 g (LUD-30) per kg diet DM. Lupin seeds were detoxified by treatment with boiling water, followed by steeping in cold water. The diets were analysed by gas chromatography for the alkaloids, lupanine and 13-hydroxylupanine. The total alkaloid content of LUI-15 and LUl-30 was 3·8 and 8·0 g/kg diet DM, respectively; by contrast that of LUD-15 and LUD-30 was 2·1 and 5·2 g/kg diet DM respectively. Increasing the level of intact CLS in the diet led to a decrease in voluntary food intake. Cows given LUl-30 had a lower milk yield (11·1 kg/day) than those given LUI-15 (13·8 kg/day;P< 0·01) but there was no difference in either milk protein yield or content. Detoxification of lupin removed proportionately about 0·40 of the total alkaloids from intact CLS and increased food intake, and the yield of milk and milk protein (P< 0·05) but reduced milk fat content. Detoxification of CLS also reduced the rumen degradability of lupin protein (P< 0·05). It is concluded that the reduction in organic matter intake and milk yield of cows given diets containing intact CLS was due to the presence of lupanine and 13-hydroxylupanine. To maximize its usage in diets for dairy cattle, lupin should be detoxified; it can then be included at levels up to 300 g/kg diet DM.

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