Influence of skimming of calves with skim milk substitute on physiological condition and productivity

The high demand for protein during this period of the calf's life is due to the active growth of muscle tissue, and protein is the structural material of all organs. A lack of protein in the diet of calves contributes to a delay in their growth and an excess to the expenditure of additional energy for the deamination of excess amino acids and the elimination of the corresponding decay products through the excretory system of the body. The younger the calves, the higher the protein level in their diet should be. The work aimed to establish the most effective protein norms in the composition of skim milk substitutes for calves over 65 days of age. The study of the influence of feeding skims milk substitute on calves' physiological state and productivity was carried out on four groups of bulls. All tested skim milk replacers varied in protein content but were almost the same in all nutritional parameters. The main ingredients of skim milk substitutes (ZOM 1) for calves of group I were, %: milk proteins – 70, vegetable proteins (soy + wheat) – 29, vitamin and mineral complex, probiotic culture – 1. For calves of group II (ZOM 2) used,%: milk proteins – 70, vegetable proteins (soy + wheat protein) – 29, vitamin-mineral complex – 1. protein) – 29, vitamin and mineral complex – 1. Studies have shown that skim milk substitutes in calves feeding, containing 20 and 22 % protein in the composition of KR-2 compound feed 10 % by weight, was reflected in the improvement of the morpho-biochemical design of the blood. At the same time, there is a tendency to an increase in the concentration of total protein in the blood serum by 3.1 and 3.3 % with a decrease in the amount of urea by 3.5 and 5.2 %, which made it possible to increase the average daily gain in live weight to 3.1 % while reducing costs feed and its price by 1.5 and 0.9 percent.

Latin American Considerations for Infant and Young Child Formulae

Infant formula is the only acceptable substitute for breastmilk from 0 to 6 months old when human milk cannot be provided in sufficient amounts. Manufacturers have developed options that intend to meet the changing needs of the child aged from six to twelve months (follow-on formulae) and after the age of one year (young child formulae). The international code for marketing breast milk substitute stipulates standards for marketing practices of these products. In Latin America there are local variations of marketing practices. Novel marketing strategies such as advertising through social media and influencers pose new threats for breastfeeding success in Latin America. This review aims to examine variations in local regulations for marketing of infant formulae and to analyze the emerging phenomenon of influencer advertising. We reviewed the local norms for Latin American countries and examined differences and possible gaps. Emerging evidence of influencer marketing was explored. The results indicate that national regulations differ among Latin American countries, particularly with respect to product labelling and the requirement to use a local native language, highlighting the cost of the product, and different regulations prohibiting certain messages and illustrations. Regarding new marketing strategies, there is limited evidence on advertising infant formula through social media influencers, where different categories of marketing strategies can be described. More transparent reporting of social marketing by formula providers and more independent research on novel marketing strategies are needed.

Creating an Optimal Structure of the Diet to Increase the Productivity of Calves in Calves of Dairy Breeds

The diet of dairy bulls contains little high-quality protein. This primarily affects the main indicators of feed growth and conversion. Poor-quality protein in the diet leads to excessive formation of ammonia in the rumen. Increased concentrations of ammonia, does not participate in the synthesis of microbial protein and is excreted in the urine, which is an energy-consuming process and negatively affects the gains. Ammonia has a toxic effect, when an excessive amount of it enters the bloodstream, where it causes hyperamonymy, and creates an additional load on the liver. Aims: The aim of the study is to create an optimal structure of the diet, in which the protein will be completely utilized by the rumen microbiota and animal protein will be reproduced on its basis to create the growth potential of fattening bulls. The development of this diet will allow creating a technology for fattening steers for meat that is economically profitable with a high proportion of healthy animals with high productivity. Methodology: The studies were conducted on calves of the Kholmogorsky breed raised in the VNIIFBIP vivarium, aged from 1.5 months to 14 months. At the age of 1.5 months, the animals were intensively accustomed to the introduction of concentrates and coarse feeds. Feeding with a milk substitute was carried out up to the age of 70 days with free access to mixed feed and hay. Results: During the study, the main factors responsible for the metabolic processes in bull calves were identified. The factors of digestibility in the rumen were studied. Physiological and biochemical parameters were established to assess the reduction of the risks of hyperammonemia. The use of concentrated feed against the background of strict proportional administration together with coarse feed with intensive cultivation and fattening of dairy bulls and the normal course of enzymatic processes in the rumen and throughout the body allows you to achieve an average daily increase of up to 1420 g by 14 months of age and reduce feed conversion. Conclusion: The results obtained make it possible to increase the productivity of fattening steers in regions with a large number of dairy cattle and the availability of concentrated feed.

Comparative-morphological analysis of intermuscular nervous plexus book of edilbayevskaya sheep in postnatal ontogenesis

Purpose: To perform a comparative morphological analysis of the intermuscular nerve plexus of the book of the Edilbaev breed sheep in postnatal ontogenesis.Materials and methods. For the experiment, the control and experimental groups were selected in the amount of 35 heads, 5 animals were killed immediately after birth. The rest were divided into control and experimental groups of 5 lambs each. Control groups of lambs were fed naturally on ewes. Experimental groups of lambs, according to the instructions, were on artificial feeding with a sheep milk substitute (ZOM) "Kolvo-Start". The object of histological examination was the ganglia of the book of Edilbaev breed lambs of 4 technological periods: newborns, 15-day-old, 2.5-month-old, 4.5-month-old. We used classical neuromorphological, morphometric and histological methods, as well as processing statistical data.Results. Comparative analysis showed that in the group of medium-sized cells in the ganglia of lambs of 2.5 months of age, there is an intensive growth of the cytoplasm in relation to the nucleus, both in the control and in the experiment. The morphological indicators of the adaptive-compensatory restructuring of the nervous tissue were revealed.Conclusion. The obtained morphometric data from birth to 4.5 months of age testify to the advanced growth of ganglia in the experiment both in length and width, an increase in the linear dimensions of the ganglia of the book occurs. This is due to the pronounced adaptation and formation of the organ in connection with the nature of feeding.

Determination of Some Growth Characteristics and Some Blood Values of The Goat Kids Fed with the Feed Containing Whey and Propolis

In this study, it was aimed to obtain an alternative, more economical and preferable milk substitute feed by adding whey powder to cow's milk in kid rearing and to determine the effect of propolis supplement on this diet. 40 Saanen goat kids born in the same period were divided into 4 groups, on average 7 days after taking colostrum, and while the 10 kids in the control group were kept together with their mothers. the kids in the other three groups, 10 heads in each one, were taken into seperate sections. Kids in all three experimental groups were fed only formula. In addition to the feed, 0.4 cc and 0.2 cc propolis were given to the kids in the second and third experimental groups, respectively, once a day. Some growth and development parameters and rectal temperature were measured once a week for 5 weeks from all groups and morning and evening diarrhea scoring was done. Some biochemical and hematological analyzes were performed. According to all the results obtained, the differences between the groups were found to be significant in terms of body temperature, glucose and urea evaluations, and the differences within the group in other characteristics were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The insignificant difference between the average growth and development parameters of the kids in the groups fed with the formula and the average of the kids in the control group is an important result in terms of growing kids economically and bringing goat's milk to the economy. According to the diarrhea scores, it has been observed that propolis is effective on diarrhea and can be used in growing kids as a preventive measure. Feeding kids with the formula was found more economical than feeding their mother's milk. As a result of this study, it can be said that the use of milk replacers containing whey and propolis will positively affect the growth, development and health of the kid.

Feeding Pre-weaned Calves With Waste Milk Containing Antibiotic Residues Is Related to a Higher Incidence of Diarrhea and Alterations in the Fecal Microbiota

The cows receiving antibiotics for intra-mammary infection (IMI) produce milk that cannot be marketed. This is considered waste milk (WM), and a convenient option for farmers is using it as calf food. However, adding to the risk of selecting resistant bacteria, residual antibiotics might interfere with the gut microbiome development and influence gastrointestinal health. We assessed the longitudinal effect of unpasteurized WM containing residual cefalexin on calf intestinal health and fecal microbiota in an 8-week trial. After 3 days of colostrum, six calves received WM and six calves received bulk tank milk (BM) for 2 weeks. For the following 6 weeks, all 12 calves received milk substitute and starter feed. Every week for the first 2 weeks and every 2 weeks for the remaining 6 weeks, we subjected all calves to clinical examination and collected rectal swabs for investigating the fecal microbiota composition. Most WM calves had diarrhea episodes in the first 2 weeks of the trial (5/6 WM and 1/6 BM), and their body weight was significantly lower than that of BM calves. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, WM calves had a lower fecal microbiota alpha diversity than that in BM calves, with the lowest p-value at Wk4 (p &lt; 0.02), 2 weeks after exposure to WM. The fecal microbiota beta diversity of the two calf groups was also significantly different at Wk4 (p &lt; 0.05). Numerous significant differences were present in the fecal microbiota taxonomy of WM and BM calves in terms of relative normalized operational taxonomic unit (OTU) levels, affecting five phyla, seven classes, eight orders, 19 families, and 47 genera. At the end of the trial, when 6 weeks had passed since exposure to WM, the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Saccharibacteria were lower, while Chlamydiae were higher in WM calves. Notably, WM calves showed a decrease in beneficial taxa such as Faecalibacterium, with a concomitant increase in potential pathogens such as Campylobacter, Pseudomonas, and Chlamydophila spp. In conclusion, feeding pre-weaned calves with unpasteurized WM containing antibiotics is related to a higher incidence of neonatal diarrhea and leads to significant changes in the fecal microbiota composition, further discouraging this practice in spite of its short-term economic advantages.

Advertising of Human Milk Substitutes in United Kingdom Healthcare Professional Publications: An Observational Study

Background Inappropriate marketing of human milk substitutes negatively influences efforts to protect breastfeeding. Although healthcare professionals can positively influence infant feeding decisions, government regulations permit manufacturers to communicate messages to them through advertising. Research Aims (1) To identify the extent of human milk substitute advertising in publications aimed at United Kingdom healthcare professionals and (2) to describe compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes and United Kingdom Formula and Follow-on Formula Regulations. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study. We reviewed publications targeting healthcare professionals working with families in the United Kingdom ( N = 19). Quantity and type of human milk substitute advertisements, as a proportion of all advertising, in each publication were recorded. All unique advertisements were double assessed for compliance. Results Human milk substitute advertising was found in nine (47%) of the 19 publications (four affiliated with professional associations), making up 10.3% ( n = 196) of these publications’ total advertising. Of human milk substitute advertisements found, 65.4% ( n = 110) were for products used to manage cows’ milk protein allergy. Of the 32 unique human milk substitute advertisements found, none complied with the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes or United Kingdom Formula and Follow-on Formula Regulations. Conclusions Many healthcare professionals’ publications had non-compliant human milk substitute advertisements. There is an urgent need to ensure full compliance with international and local regulation in future advertisements and to consider whether advertisements are justified at all.

Predictors of breastfeeding practices among mothers in a developing African country – A tertiary facility based study in Calabar, Nigeria

Introduction: Breastfeeding is essential for optimum childhood development. Although there is an increased awareness of the importance of breast milk, the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey of 2018 showed that less than one-third (29%) of mothers in Nigeria practice exclusive breastfeeding. This may be attributed to several factors, hence the need for this study to assess the indicators and predictors of breastfeeding practices among mothers in a tertiary facility in Calabar, Cross River State. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. Consenting mothers of children aged six weeks to two years were sequentially recruited into the study using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A test of association of categorical variables was done using Chi square test and pvalue was set at 0.05. Results: One hundred and twenty one children and their mothers were surveyed. Mean age of children was 6.2±3.8months and mothers was 28±25years. Exclusive breastfeeding rate for six months was 67.8%.Timely breastfeeding within one hour of life was 44.6%,ever breastfed rate was 86%. Practice of giving water alongside breast milk and use of breast milk substitute was 18.2% and 14.0% respectively. Mothers age was significantly associated with practice of exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.014) and giving water alongside breast milk (p=0.005) while birth order was associated with timely commencement of breastfeeding within one hour of life (p=0.022). Conclusion: The ever breastfed and exclusive breastfeeding rates were fairly high. However, the timely first suckling rate, increased use of breast milk substitute and giving of water alongside breast milk in the first six months of life were low. There is the need for continuous health education of mothers.

SYSTEM OF AUTOMATED DRINKING OF WHOLE MILK SUBSTITUTE WITHOUT PIGLETS DEPOSITION: HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE INTENSITY OF THEIR GROWTH AND SAFETY

The effectiveness of using the CulinaCup system for feeding suckling piglets with a substitute for whole milk has been studied. The use of automated feeding equipment for whole milk replacer made it possible to increase the safety of piglets during the suckling period by 2.1%, live weight at weaning by 9.2%, average daily gain by 12.1%, increase the number of weaners per sow by 3.7 heads and reduce the duration of the idle period by 0.8 days.