scholarly journals Understanding Survival and Abundance of Overwintering Warblers: Does Rainfall Matter?

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie M. Dugger ◽  
John Faaborg ◽  
Wayne J. Arendt ◽  
Keith A. Hobson

Abstract We investigated relationships between warbler abundance and survival rates measured on a Puerto Rican wintering site and rainfall patterns measured on the wintering site and in regions where these warblers breed, as estimated using stable-isotope analysis (δD) of feathers collected from wintering birds. We banded birds using constant-effort mist netting from January 1989–2003 in the Gu´nica Forest of southwestern Puerto Rico. Black-and-white Warblers (Mniotilta varia), American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla), and Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) dominated the Neotropical migrant capture totals each winter, with resulting sample sizes large enough to estimate survival rates. Estimates of capture probability from survival modeling allowed us to estimate abundance from mist-netting capture totals for Black-and-white Warblers and Ovenbirds. Stable-hydrogen isotopes showed that the three focal species came mostly from the eastern United States. Black-and-white Warbler abundance was related to rainfall total deviations from normal in Guánica Forest, and Ovenbird abundance was related to total annual rainfall in the United States. Survival models with rainfall covariates were weakly supported overall, but apparent survival of Black-and-white Warblers and American Redstarts was negatively related to rain during the first 6 months of the year at Guánica, and Ovenbird survival was related to rainfall during the spring in the southeastern U.S. Abundance and apparent survival exhibited similar, species-specific patterns of association with rainfall for Black-and-white Warblers and Ovenbirds. Winter rainfall was important to demographic parameters of Black-and-white Warblers, and breeding-season rain was important to Ovenbirds. Entendiendo los Patrones de Supervivencia y Abundancia de Parúlidos Residentes de Invierno: ¿Es Importante la Precipitación? Resumen. Investigamos las relaciones entre la abundancia y las tasas de supervivencia de parúlidos residentes de invierno en Puerto Rico y los patrones de precipitación de los sitios invernales y de las áreas de anidación, éstas últimas deducidas a partir del análisis de isótopos estables (δD) en plumas colectadas de las aves migratorias. Las aves fueron capturadas y anilladas utilizando redes de niebla en el Bosque de Guánica en el suroeste de Puerto Rico durante el mes de enero, desde 1989 hasta el 2003. Las especies de aves neotropicales con mayor número de capturas totales durante cada invierno fueron Mniotilta varia, Setophaga ruticilla y Seiurus aurocapilla, con un tamaño de muestra lo suficientemente grande como para estimar sus tasas de supervivencia. La estimación de las probabilidades de captura a partir de los modelos de supervivencia nos permitieron evaluar la abundancia utilizando datos de capturas totales para Mniotilta varia y Seiurus aurocapilla. Los isótopos de hidrógeno estable mostraron que las tres especies de aves focales provinieron principalmente de la región Este de Estados Unidos. La abundancia de Mniotilta varia estuvo relacionada a las variaciones totales de precipitación en el Bosque de Guánica y la abundancia de Seiurus aurocapilla estuvo relacionada a la precipitación anual total en los Estados Unidos. Los modelos de supervivencia con covariables de precipitación tuvieron muy poco respaldo. Sin embargo, la supervivencia aparente de Mniotilta varia y Setophaga ruticilla estuvo relacionada negativamente a la precipitación durante los primeros seis meses del año en Guánica y la supervivencia de Seiurus aurocapilla estuvo relacionada a la precipitación durante la estación de primavera en el sureste de Estados Unidos. La abundancia y la supervivencia aparente mostraron patrones de asociación similares y específicos para cada especie con la precipitación para Mniotilta varia y Seiurus aurocapilla. La precipitación de invierno fue un factor importante para determinar los patrones demográficos de Mniotilta varia y la precipitación durante la temporada de anidación también fue un factor significativo para Seiurus aurocapilla.

Author(s):  
Paul Schor

This chapter discusses the imposition of the US system of racial classification in the US Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. The original use in certain US territories of a “mixed” racial category highlights the national norm that made mulattoes into “lighter-skinned” blacks. In the various territories acquired by the United States after 1898, a rigid imposition of the categories of the US census was difficult because they were the product of a national history that had not been shared. Whether in the US Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, or Hawaii the perception of what made a person black, white, or mulatto was very different from North American usage, showing that binary black and white mainland tradition was not working there.


2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger W Perry ◽  
Phillip N Jordan

Abstract White-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused large declines in bat populations across eastern North America, making information on demographics of affected species critical to determining their risk for extinction. We used Cormack–Jolly–Seber models to estimate apparent survival rates of hibernating tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) for 5 years in four small abandoned mines in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, located within the WNS endemic area of the United States. Populations in individual mines varied greatly in survival rates, with one mine displaying annual survival rates as high as 0.706 and another as low as 0.101. Differences in survival among bats in different mines could not definitively be attributed to WNS, but may have varied based on a combination of WNS, disturbance, mine climate, and other unknown factors. Further, some hibernacula may have served as temporary winter shelter for young transient males. Sites housing small colonies of hibernating bats may result in high survival rates despite WNS, and protecting these smaller sites may be important for overall species perseverance.


2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. McGruder ◽  
◽  
K. J. Greenlund ◽  
J. B. Croft ◽  
Z. J. Zheng

Author(s):  
E. Douglas Bomberger

On 2 April 1917, President Woodrow Wilson urged Congress to enter the European war, and Congress voted to do so on Friday, 6 April. On the 15th of that month, Victor released the Original Dixieland Jazz Band’s record of “Livery Stable Blues” and “Dixieland Jass Band One-Step”; it caused an immediate nationwide sensation. James Reese Europe travelled to Puerto Rico in search of woodwind players for the Fifteenth New York Regiment Band, and the Creole Band ended its vaudeville career when it missed the train to Portland, Maine. German musicians in the United States came under increased scrutiny in the weeks after the declaration of war, as the country prepared to adopt new laws and regulations for wartime.


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