scholarly journals Female Song in European Starlings: Sex Differences, Complexity, and Composition

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denitza Pavlova ◽  
Rianne Pinxten ◽  
Marcel Eens

Abstract While male song and its functions have been well studied, female song has often been overlooked. In this study, we provide a detailed description of the spontaneous female song in a well-studied northern temperate songbird, the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). We compared the song organization, complexity, and composition of female and male starlings housed in large outdoor aviaries. Overall, the general organization was similar in both sexes, and some females sang complex song bouts of more than 30 seconds of uninterrupted song. Although some females were capable of singing the four phrase-type categories typically found in male song bouts (whistle, variable, rattle, and high-frequency phrase types), a significantly lower proportion of females sang all four categories of phrase type as compared to males. Our results also revealed large individual variation in song characteristics among females: repertoire size varied between 11 and 36 phrase types, while average song bout length ranged between 10 and 26 seconds. All song parameters (total repertoire size, song bout length, and repertoire size within the four different phrase categories) were significantly lower in females than in males. Nevertheless, except for the number of rattle phrase types, song parameters overlapped between the sexes demonstrating that some females produced a more complex song than some males. Canto de la Hembra en Sturnus vulgaris: Diferencias entre Sexos, Complejidad y Composición Resumen. Mientras que el canto del macho y sus funciones han sido bien estudiados, el canto de las hembras ha sido menos estudiado. En este estudio, brindamos una descripción detallada del canto espontáneo de la hembra en una especie bien estudiada de ave canora del norte templado, Sturnus vulgaris. Comparamos la organización del canto, la complejidad y la composición entre machos y hembras en aviarios de gran tamaño emplazados al aire libre. En total, la organización general fue similar en ambos sexos, y algunas hembras cantaron unidades de canto complejas durante más de 30 segundos de modo ininterrumpido. Aunque algunas hembras fueron capaces de cantar las cuatro categorías de tipos de frases típicamente halladas en las unidades de canto de los machos (silbido, variable, matraqueo y tipos de frases de alta frecuencia), una porción significativamente menor de las hembras cantó todas las cuatro categorías de tipos de frases en comparación con los machos. Nuestros resultados también revelaron gran variación individual entre hembras en las características del canto: el tamaño del repertorio varió entre 11 y 36 tipos de frases, mientras que la duración promedio de la unidad de canto fluctuó entre 10 y 26 segundos. Todos los parámetros examinados del canto (tamaño total del repertorio, duración de la unidad de canto y tamaño del repertorio dentro de las cuatro categorías diferentes de frases) fueron significativamente menores en las hembras que en los machos. A pesar de ello, a excepción del número del tipo de frases de matraqueo, los pará metros del canto se superpusieron entre los sexos, implicando que algunas hembras produjeron un canto más complejo que algunos machos.

Behaviour ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 107 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 138-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.F. Jenkins ◽  
M. Adret-Hausberger

Male starlings sing two very different categories of song: whistles and warbles. The present study describes the structure and the organization of warbling song in individuals from varied geographical origins. In all cases, warbling is shown to be an extremely complex song in which there is much contrast: very different notes follow each other and are even superimposed. Higher levels of organizations are present: notes are grouped in repeating units, the motifs, each of which is sung in bouts of 1 to 12 repetitions, and finally these bouts show a clear sequential organization. A certain amount of variability occurs at each of these levels: slight variations are seen from one rendition of a given motif to the next; the number of repetitions of each motif varies from one song sequence to another and the sequential organization of bouts seems to be able to vary seasonally. All these characteristics were found in all individuals. Nevertheless, warbling appears to be an essentially individual song. Beyond two or three species-specific motifs, the others in the repertoire are individually characteristic. The beginnings and endings of the songs are clearly defined commencing usually with an individual motif whilst ending with a species-specific motif. We observed marked differences between individuals in repertoire size, extending from about 20 to more than 35 different motifs. This is the only measure of the repertoire that we have been able to define for this continuous song.


Behaviour ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 210-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Frans Verheyen ◽  
Marcel Eens ◽  
Rianne Pinxten

AbstractThis study had two aims. First, we looked at individual differences in song characteristics between males of the European starling, and we related song behaviour to factors such as male age, pairing date, polygyny and male breeding success. Second, we experimentally tested whether song has an effect on female mating decisions. 1. During the breeding season, male starlings sing a very long and complex song consisting of a rapid succession of large number of different song types. We observed marked differences between males in average song bout length (a song bout was defined as a period of at least five seconds of song containing no pauses larger than 1.5 seconds) and in song repertoire size. Average song bout lengths ranged from 16 to 35 seconds. The individual repertoire size ranged from 23 to 67 song types. Repertoire size and average song bout length were positively correlated. 2. Both in the field and in captivity, yearling males sang shorter average song bout lengths and had smaller repertoire sizes than older males. 3. Males singing longer average song bouts and having larger repertoire sizes attracted females for pairing before their rivals with shorter average song bouts and smaller repertoire sizes.


Author(s):  
Robert Patchett ◽  
Alexander N. G. Kirschel ◽  
Joanna Robins King ◽  
Patrick Styles ◽  
Will Cresswell

AbstractFemale song is widespread across bird species yet rarely reported. Here, we report the first observations and description of female song in the Cyprus Wheatear Oenanthe cypriaca and compare it to male song through the breeding season. Twenty-five percent of colour-ringed females were observed singing at least once, predominantly in April, compared to 71% of males that continued singing through the breeding period. We suggest that female song may have multiple functions in this species, but it may be especially important in territorial defence and mate acquisition.


Bioacoustics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Maheshi E. Dharmasiri ◽  
Colleen A. Barber ◽  
Andrew G. Horn

2021 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ar Kornreich ◽  
Mason Youngblood ◽  
Paul C. Mundinger ◽  
David C. Lahti

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