scholarly journals Color Differences Among Closely Related Species of Red-Breasted Meadowlarks (Sturnella)

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-616
Author(s):  
Pilar Benites ◽  
Pablo L. Tubaro ◽  
Darío A. Lijtmaer ◽  
Stephen C. Lougheed ◽  
Muir D. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Sexually Selected Traits ◽  
Color Differences

Abstract Abstract. Interspecific differences in sexually selected traits may be important for maintaining reproductive isolation among closely related species living in sympatry. We present the first study of plumage color differences among males of partially sympatric species of South American red-breasted meadowlarks—the White-browed Blackbird (Sturnella superciliaris), the Pampas Meadowlark (S. defilippii), and the Long-tailed Meadowlark (S. loyca)—using reflectance spectrophotometry and the avian visual model of Vorobyev and Osorio (1998). Reflectance values of sexually dichromatic red plumage patches were measured on study skins. Total reflectance, reflectance in the short wavelength part of the spectrum, and several measures of spectral shape were extracted directly from the spectra. Our analyses revealed that S. loyca and S. defilippii were brighter and had higher reflectance in the short wavelength part of the spectrum than S. superciliaris. Minimum reflectance was located at higher wavelengths in breeding than in nonbreeding plumage. Interspecific distances in avian visual space obtained from the Vorobyev and Osorio (1998) model were considerably higher than the threshold value for color discrimination, indicating that the differences found are also detectable by birds. Taken together, these results show that the red plumage patches of these three species present significant color differences throughout the year, not only in the visible but also in the UV part of the spectrum.

A new Aspidogyne (Orchidaceae: Goodyerinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 289 (3) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC DE CAMARGO SMIDT ◽  
MATHIAS ERICH ENGELS ◽  
MARCELO RODRIGUES MIRANDA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
A New Species

A new species of Aspidogyne from the Atlantic Forest in Caraguatatuba, on the northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil, is proposed, described, illustrated and compared with closely related species. A key to the sympatric species of Goodyerinae is also provided. Aspidogyne caraguatatubensis is easily recognized by its small size, lip shape and the absence of rostellum. Among congeners, the new species resembles A. argentea, which differs by its larger size, flower color, lip with truncated apex and developed rostellum.

scholarly journals Convergent morphology and divergent phenology: unravelling the coexistence of mimetic Morpho butterfly species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Le Roy ◽  
Camille Roux ◽  
Elisabeth Authier ◽  
Héloïse Bastide ◽  
Vincent Debat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Wing Colour ◽  
Temporal Segregation ◽  
Interspecific Territoriality ◽  
Local Selection

AbstractThe emergence and persistence of closely-related species in sympatry is puzzling because the potential gene flow and the common local selective pressures may lead to either merging or competitive exclusion. Some species of Morpho butterflies occurring in sympatry display highly similar wing colour patterns. Associated with erratic flight abilities, their bright colouration may limit predator success and discourage future attacks. The evolution of similar colouration in sympatric species is thus likely under local selection by predators (i.e. escape mimicry). Such phenotypic similarity may promote interspecific territoriality and/or reproductive interference, questioning how closely-related co-mimetic species become sexually isolated and coexist in sympatry. We performed a series of field experiments using flying Morpho dummies placed in a natural habitat where wild males commonly patrol. Analysing the interactions of wild Morpho with different dummies, we show that similarity in wing colour pattern leads to interspecific territoriality and courtship among sympatric species. Using genomic data, we then showed that sympatric Morpho species are surprisingly strictly isolated despite their close relatedness and the observed heterospecific interactions. Finally, using a mark-recapture experiment, we discovered a strong temporal segregation in patrolling activity of males from two co-mimetic sister species. Such divergence in phenology may favour sympatry between closely-related species, despite behavioural interferences induced by the local convergence in colour pattern. Altogether, our findings show that temporal segregation may facilitate the co-existence of closely-related species sharing the same ecological niche, suggesting that phenological shifts may represent an overlooked factor of sympatric speciation. Our study therefore highlights how the evolution of multiple traits may favour species diversification in sympatry by partitioning niche in different dimensions.

Courtship and mating behaviours of two syntopic species of skink (Plestiodon anthracinus and Plestiodon fasciatus)

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-268
Author(s):  
Robert Alexander Pyron ◽  
Carlos Duane Camp
Keyword(s):  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
Plestiodon Fasciatus ◽  
Ethological Isolation

AbstractCourtship and mating behaviours are widely conserved throughout the scincid lizard genus Plestiodon, and ethological isolation between closely related species depends heavily on differentiating chemical cues. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not subtle, as yet undetected differences are present in the mating behaviours of two syntopic, distantly related skinks, P. anthracinus and P. fasciatus. Observed courtship and mating behaviours were similar between the two species and to those reported for other species within this genus. However, survival analysis determined significant interspecific differences in the duration of pre-coital behaviours. Investigation of such subtle differences between species more closely related than these two may generate further insights into the evolution of ethological isolating mechanisms in lizards.

scholarly journals Genetic architecture of a key reproductive isolation trait differs between sympatric and non-sympatric sister species of Lake Victoria cichlids

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1924) ◽  
pp. 20200270
Author(s):  
Anna F. Feller ◽  
Marcel P. Haesler ◽  
Catherine L. Peichel ◽  
Ole Seehausen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Species Pair ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Nuptial Coloration

One hallmark of the East African cichlid radiations is the rapid evolution of reproductive isolation that is robust to full sympatry of many closely related species. Theory predicts that species persistence and speciation in sympatry with gene flow are facilitated if loci of large effect or physical linkage (or pleiotropy) underlie traits involved in reproductive isolation. Here, we investigate the genetic architecture of a key trait involved in behavioural isolation, male nuptial coloration, by crossing two sister species pairs of Lake Victoria cichlids of the genus Pundamilia and mapping nuptial coloration in the F2 hybrids. One is a young sympatric species pair, representative of an axis of colour motif differentiation, red-dorsum versus blue, that is highly recurrent in closely related sympatric species. The other is a species pair representative of colour motifs, red-chest versus blue, that are common in allopatric but uncommon in sympatric closely related species. We find significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with moderate to large effects (some overlapping) for red and yellow in the sympatric red-dorsum × blue cross, whereas we find no significant QTLs in the non-sympatric red-chest × blue cross. These findings are consistent with theory predicting that large effect loci or linkage/pleiotropy underlying mating trait differentiation could facilitate speciation and species persistence with gene flow in sympatry.

scholarly journals Interspecific aggression among parapatric and sympatric songbirds on a tropical elevational gradient

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy J Boyce ◽  
Thomas E Martin
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Range Limits ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Interspecific Aggression ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Tropical Mountains ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Interspecies Aggression

Abstract Interspecific competition is hypothesized to be a strong force that sets species range limits and drives parapatric distributions of closely related species on tropical mountains. Yet, experimental evidence that competition drives spatial segregation of closely related species on elevational gradients is rare. To test whether competition limits elevational ranges of tropical songbirds, we conducted reciprocal playback experiments on 2 pairs of species with adjacent but nonoverlapping (parapatric) distributions and 1 pair of sympatric species. We found asymmetric interspecific aggression in one parapatric pair (Pycnonotidae) and a complete absence of interspecific aggression in the other (Zosteropidae). We also found asymmetric interspecies aggression in a pair of sympatric flycatchers (Muscicapidae). Our results indicate that interspecific aggression may set range limits in some cases, but it is not a prerequisite for parapatry. Furthermore, the presence of interspecific aggression between co-occurring relatives suggests that while competition may play a role in limiting species distributions, interspecific aggression alone is not sufficient evidence to assert that competition is the primary driver of parapatric distributions.

scholarly journals Evolutionary history of the Drosophila bipectinata species complex

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTYOM KOPP ◽  
OLGA BARMINA
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Drosophila Bipectinata ◽  
History Of

Groups of recently diverged species offer invaluable glimpses into the history and genetic basis of speciation and phenotypic evolution. In this report, we combine phylogenetic and population-genetic approaches to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the Drosophila bipectinata species complex. This complex is a group of four closely related, largely sympatric species – D. bipectinata, D. parabipectinata, D. malerkotliana and D. pseudoananassae. Using the sequences of one mitochondrial and six nuclear loci, we show that D. bipectinata and D. parabipectinata are the two most closely related species, and that together with D. malerkotliana they form a monophyletic clade to which D. pseudoananassae is a relatively distant outgroup. Genetic divergence among D. bipectinata, D. parabipectinata and D. malerkotliana is extremely low, and we estimate that these species diverged only 283000–385000 years ago. We also find that mitochondrial DNA shows evidence of recent gene flow across species boundaries. Despite the low genetic divergence, species of the bipectinata complex show an unusually high degree of morphological differentiation. This contrast underscores the importance of understanding the genetic basis of functional differentiation among closely related species.

scholarly journals Detecting level of genetic differentiation in two closely related species of Drosophila: D. bipectinata and D. malerkotliana

Genetika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-970
Author(s):  
A.K. Singh ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Neha Singh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Drosophila Species ◽  
Allozyme Polymorphism ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Different Populations

A considerable amount of allozyme variation exists among different populations of a Drosophila species. Such allozyme variation can also be observed between two closely related species of Drosophila which show reproductive isolation but experience mating under laboratory conditions and produce hybrids. D. bipectinata and D. malerkotliana are two closely related sympatric species and belong to bipectinata species complex. Allozyme polymorphism studies conducted with them and their hybrids reveal that these two species have enough genetic differentiation due to allozyme variation at three enzyme coding loci; however, their hybrids exhibit common allozyme variants of both the species. The hybrids exhibit very little genetic differentiation from either of their parents.

scholarly journals Convergent morphology and divergent phenology promote the coexistence of Morpho butterfly species

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Le Roy ◽  
Camille Roux ◽  
Elisabeth Authier ◽  
Hugues Parrinello ◽  
Héloïse Bastide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Closely Related Species

AbstractThe coexistence of closely-related species in sympatry is puzzling because ecological niche proximity imposes strong competition and reproductive interference. A striking example is the widespread wing pattern convergence of several blue-banded Morpho butterfly species with overlapping ranges of distribution. Here we perform a series of field experiments using flying Morpho dummies placed in a natural habitat. We show that similarity in wing colour pattern indeed leads to interspecific territoriality and courtship among sympatric species. In spite of such behavioural interference, demographic inference from genomic data shows that sympatric closely-related Morpho species are genetically isolated. Mark-recapture experiments in the two most closely-related species unravel a strong temporal segregation in patrolling activity of males. Such divergence in phenology reduces the costs of reproductive interference while simultaneously preserving the benefits of convergence in non-reproductive traits in response to common ecological pressures. Henceforth, the evolution of multiple traits may favour species diversification in sympatry by partitioning niche in different dimensions.

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