scholarly journals Acupuncture on the Blood Flow of Various Organs Measured Simultaneously by Colored Microspheres in Rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Tsuru ◽  
Kenji Kawakita
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Masseter Muscle ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Organ Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Acupuncture Needle ◽  
Colored Microspheres ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

We examined how acupuncture affected the blood flow of muscle, kidney, stomach, small intestine, brain, lung, heart, spleen and liver. Wistar rats anesthetized with urethane (n= 27) were allocated into the control (n= 10), ST-7 (Hsia-Kuan,n= 10) and LI-4 (Hoku,n= 7) groups. To measure organ blood flow, colored microspheres (CMS) were injected through a catheter positioned in the left ventricle and blood samples were drawn from the femoral artery. Yellow CMS (3.6–4.2 × 105) and blue CMS (6.0–6.9 × 105) were injected at intervals of about 30 min. An acupuncture needle (φ 340 μm) was inserted into the left ST-7 point (left masseter muscle) or the right LI-4 point after the first sampling and left for about 30 min (10 twists at 1 Hz, 2-min intervals). The mean blood flow of nine organs varied widely from 4.03 to 0.20 (ml/min/g). Acupuncture to the ST-7 produced significant changes of the blood flow (percentage change from baseline) in the muscle, kidney, brain and heart (P< 0.05, versus control), but those of LI-4 were not significant. The blood flow of the left masseter muscle after acupuncture to ST-7 (left masseter muscle) tended to increase (P= 0.08). Changes in blood pressure during the experimental periods were almost similar among these three groups. Acupuncture stimulation increases the blood flow of several organs by modulating the central circulatory systems, and the effects differed with sites of stimulation.

Effect of 71 ATA He-O2 on organ blood flow in the rat

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1369-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Aanderud ◽  
J. Onarheim ◽  
I. Tyssebotn
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Organ Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood Sampling ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Increased Blood Flow

Cardiac output and organ blood flow to major organs were investigated in awake rats at 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA) air and at 71 ATA He-O2. Radioactively labeled microspheres [15 +/- 1 (SD) micron] were injected into the left ventricle during constant-rate arterial blood sampling at 1 ATA air and subsequently at 71 ATA He-O2. Intra-arterial blood pressure was continuously recorded. The partial pressure of O2 was kept between 0.4 and 0.6 ATA. The results indicate that the mean blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and organ blood flow are essentially unaltered in the rat at 71 ATA except for increased blood flow to the liver (122%, P less than 0.05), whereas the blood flow to the adrenals, the diaphragm, and the leg muscle fell (P less than 0.05).

Reduction of blood flow in the adenohypophysis of rats by bromocriptine

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andras A. Kemeny ◽  
Jan A. Jakubowski ◽  
Emil Pasztor ◽  
Anthony A. Jefferson ◽  
Richard Wojcikiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Selective Effect ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hydrogen Clearance ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The possibility that bromocriptine has a selective effect on blood flow in the adenohypophysis was examined in rats. Twenty-four anesthetized male Wistar rats underwent measurement of blood flow using the hydrogen clearance method. Intravenous injection of 50 µg/kg bromocriptine reduced the blood flow in both the medial and lateral parts of the adenohypophysis to about 70% of the baseline value. Simultaneously measured cerebral cortical and white matter flows were unchanged. Similar results were obtained following administration of a higher dose (500 µg/kg) of bromocriptine. This phenomenon cannot be attributed to the decrease in blood pressure. The course of change in blood flow in the medial and lateral adenohypophysis did not follow that of the mean arterial blood pressure, and the alteration of blood pressure remained within the limits of autoregulation in the adenohypophysis. The results indicate that bromocriptine is capable of reducing blood flow selectively in the pituitary region. This mechanism may contribute to the clinical usefulness of this drug.

Vasodilation of cat cerebral arterioles by prostaglandins D2, E2, G2, and I2

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (3) ◽  
pp. H381-H385 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Ellis ◽  
E. P. Wei ◽  
H. A. Kontos
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Cerebral Arterioles ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

To determine the possible role that endogenously produced prostaglandins may play in the regulation of cerebral blood flow, the responses of cerebral precapillary vessels to prostaglandins (PG) D2, E2, G2, and I2 (8.1 X 10(-8) to 2.7 X 10(-5) M) were studied in cats equipped with cranial windows for direct observation of the microvasculature. Local application of PGs induced a dose-dependent dilation of large (greater than or equal to 100 microns) and small (less than 100 microns) arterioles with no effect on arterial blood pressure. The relative vasodilator potency was PGG2 greater than PGE2 greater than PGI2 greater than PGD2. With all PGs, except D2, the percent dilation of small arterioles was greater than the dilation of large arterioles. After application of prostaglandins in a concentration of 2.7 X 10(-5) M, the mean +/- standard error of the percent dilation of large and small arterioles was, respectively, 47.6 +/- 2.7 and 65.3 +/- 6.1 for G2, 34.1 +/- 2.0, and 53.6 +/- 5.5 for E2, 25.4 +/- 1.8, and 40.2 +/- 4.6 for I2, and 20.3 +/- 2.5 and 11.0 +/- 2.2 for D2. Because brain arterioles are strongly responsive to prostaglandins and the brain can synthesize prostaglandins from its large endogenous pool of prostaglandin precursor, prostaglandins may be important mediators of changes in cerebral blood flow under normal and abnormal conditions.

Respiratory muscle and organ blood flow with inspiratory elastic loading and shock

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1148-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Magder ◽  
D. Lockhat ◽  
B. J. Luo ◽  
C. Roussos
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Organ Blood Flow ◽  
Normal Blood Pressure ◽  
Elastic Load ◽  
Severe Hypotension ◽  
Elastic Loading ◽  
The Brain

Since respiratory muscles fail when blood flow is inadequate, we asked whether their blood flow would be maintained in severe hypotensive states at the expense of other vital organs (brain, heart, kidney, gut, spleen). We measured blood flow (radiolabeled microspheres) to respiratory muscles and vital organs in 11 dogs breathing against an inspiratory elastic load, first with normal blood pressure (BP) and then hypotension produced by cardiac tamponade. With the elastic load alone, there was no change in BP or cardiac output; diaphragmatic blood flow (Qdi) increased from 12.8 +/- 7.0 to 34.1 +/- 15.6 ml/100 g, and total respiratory muscle flow (QTR) increased from 56.5 +/- 19.1 to 97.4 +/- 36.5 ml/100 g, but except for the brain, there was no change in blood flow to other organs. With tamponade (mean BP = 79 +/- 16 mmHg), flow decreased to all organs, whereas Qdi (39.0 +/- 19.4) did not change. QTR decreased, but not significantly, to 88.6 +/- 49.5. With more tamponade (mean BP = 53 +/- 13 mmHg), flow to all vital organs decreased as well as QTR (57.9 +/- 47.18), but Qdi did not significantly decrease and had the same relationship to respiratory force as with normal BP. Thus, with severe inspiratory elastic loading and severe hypotension, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles did most of the respiratory work, and their flow was maintained at the expense of other vital organs.

20-HETE-mediated vasoconstriction by hemoglobin-O2 carrier in Sprague-Dawley but not Wistar rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 772-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Baines ◽  
Patrick Ho
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Blood Substitutes ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Ringer Lactate ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Renal Vascular

Hypothetically either decreased nitric oxide (NO) or increased O2 could initiate 20-HETE-mediated vasoconstriction associated with hemoglobin-based blood substitutes (HBOC). To test this hypothesis, we infused Tm-Hb, an HBOC with low O2 affinity, into isoflurane-anesthetized Wistar (W) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after exchanging 20% of their blood with Ringer lactate. For comparison we infused an equal amount of BSA or BSA with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (BSA+NAME). Tm-Hb increased blood pressure (BP) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) equally in W and SD rats. Renal blood flow (RBF; Doppler ultrasound) decreased. BSA decreased RVR and raised glomerular filtration rate. BSA+NAME raised BP, RVR, and GFR. HET0016, an inhibitor of 20-HETE production, blunted BP and RVR responses to Tm-Hb and BSA+NAME in SD but not W rats. Arterial O2 content with BSA was lower than with Tm-Hb but O2 delivery was 60% higher with BSA because of higher RBF. BSA raised Po2 (Oxylite) in cortex and medulla and reduced RVR. Tm-Hb decreased Po2 and increased RVR. Switching rats from breathing air to 100% O2 raised intrarenal Po2 two- to threefold and increased BP and RVR. HET0016 did not alter hyperoxic responses. In conclusion, 20-HETE contributes to vasoconstriction by Tm-Hb in SD but not in W rats, and increased 20-HETE activity results primarily from decreased NO.

Effect of vasopressors on organ blood flow during endotoxin shock in pigs

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (2) ◽  
pp. H291-H300 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Breslow ◽  
C. F. Miller ◽  
S. D. Parker ◽  
A. T. Walman ◽  
R. J. Traystman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Endotoxin Shock ◽  
Organ Blood Flow ◽  
Shock Model ◽  
Blood Pressure Elevation ◽  
Arterial Blood

A volume-resuscitated porcine endotoxin shock model was used to evaluate the effect on organ blood flow of increasing systemic arterial blood pressure with vasopressors. Administration of 0.05–0.2 mg/kg of Escherichia coli endotoxin (E) reduced mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) to 50 mmHg, decreased systemic vascular resistance to 50% of control, and did not change cardiac output or heart rate. Blood flow to brain, kidney, spleen, and skeletal muscle was reduced during endotoxin shock, but blood flow to left ventricle, small and large intestine, and stomach remained at pre-endotoxin levels throughout the study period. Four groups of animals were used to evaluate the effect of vasopressor therapy. A control group received E and no vasopressor, whereas the other three groups received either norepinephrine, dopamine, or phenylephrine. Vasopressors were administered starting 60 min after E exposure, and the dose of each was titrated to increase MAP to 75 mmHg. Despite the increase in MAP, brain blood flow did not increase in any group. Norepinephrine alone increased blood flow to the left ventricle. Kidney, splanchnic, and skeletal muscle blood flow did not change with vasopressor administration. The dose of norepinephrine required to increase MAP by 20–25 mmHg during E shock was 30 times the dose required for a similar increase in MAP in animals not receiving E. We conclude that hypotension in the fluid resuscitated porcine E shock model is primarily the result of peripheral vasodilatation, that the vascular response to vasoconstrictors in this model is markedly attenuated following E administration, that blood pressure elevation with norepinephrine, dopamine, and phenylephrine neither decreases blood flow to any organ nor increases blood flow to organs with reduced flow, and that norepinephrine, dopamine, and phenylephrine affect regional blood flow similarly in this model.

Effect of serotonin on cardiac output and organ blood flow of rats

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Takács ◽  
V. Vajda
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Organ Blood Flow ◽  
Cutaneous Blood Flow ◽  
Pulmonary Parenchyma ◽  
Cutaneous Blood

The effects of intraperitoneal and intravenous administration of serotonin on cardiac output, blood pressure, and organ distribution of blood flow (Rb86) were studied in the rat. Fifteen to thirty minutes after intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg) cardiac output was unchanged, while blood pressure was significantly reduced. Increase in blood flow was noted in the myocardium, pulmonary parenchyma and "carcass" (skeletal muscle, bone, CNS), with decrease in the kidney and the skin. Splanchnic blood flow was unchanged. Conversely, intravenous infusion of serotonin produced an increase of cardiac output, blood pressure, and cutaneous blood flow.

Effect of Inverse I 

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Zavala ◽  
Miguel Ferrer ◽  
Guido Polese ◽  
Joan Ramon Masclans ◽  
Merce Planas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Conventional Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Lung Mechanics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Volume Controlled ◽  
Pressure Controlled

Background It is not known whether inverse I:E ratio ventilation (IRV) offers any real benefit over conventional mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (CMV-PEEP) at similar levels of end-expiratory pressure. Methods The effects of volume-controlled and pressure-controlled IRV (VC-IRV and PC-IRV, respectively) on VA/Q inequality were compared with those of CMV-PEEP at a similar level of end-expiratory pressure and with CMV without PEEP (CMV) in eight patients in the early stages of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Respiratory blood gases, inert gases, lung mechanics, and hemodynamics were measured 30 min after the onset of each ventilatory mode. Results Recruitment of nonventilated, poorly ventilated (or both) but well-perfused alveoli increased the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) during CMV-PEEP (+13 mmHg) and IRV-VC (+10 mmHg; P &lt; 0.05) compared with CMV. In contrast, PC-IRV did not affect PaO2 but caused a decrease in PaCO2 (-7 mmHg; P &lt; 0.05). The latter was due to a concomitant decrease in dead space (P &lt; 0.01) and shift to the right of VA/Q distributions. During PC-IRV, the increase in the mean of blood flow distribution (mean Q; P &lt; 0.01) without a change in the dispersion (log SD Q) did not result in an increase in PaO2, probably because it reflected redistribution of blood flow within well-ventilated areas. Conclusions Short-term PC-IRV improved carbon dioxide clearance, but the lung became less efficient as an oxygen exchanger. Furthermore, based on mean airway and plateau pressures, the risk of barotrauma was not reduced with this type of ventilation.

Concentrations of Diazepam and Nordiazepam in 1000 Blood Samples From Apprehended Drivers—Therapeutic Use or Abuse of Anxiolytics?

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. Jones ◽  
Anita Holmgren
Keyword(s):  
Total Concentration ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Parent Drug ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Primary Metabolite ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Capillary Column Gas Chromatography ◽  
The Right

Using an in-house forensic toxicology database, we selected 1000 cases of driving under the influence of drugs (DUIDs) over a 12-month period if diazepam (D) and nordiazepam (ND) were both present in the blood samples. Quantitative analysis of D and ND in blood was done by solvent extraction (butyl acetate) and capillary column gas chromatography (GC) with a nitrogen–phosphorous (N-P) detector. The limits of quantitation of this analytical method for D and ND in blood were 0.05 mg/L. The correlation between D and ND concentrations in blood was statistically significant ( r = .58, P < .001), as expected for a parent drug and its primary metabolite. However, the frequency distributions were markedly skewed to the right with mean (median) and highest concentrations of 0.37 (0.20) and 6.1 mg/L for D and 0.39 (0.20) and 5.6 mg/L for ND. The mean (median) total concentration (D + ND) was 0.76 mg/L (0.50 mg/L), and the concentration ratios D/ND and ND/D were 1.29 (median 0.95) and 1.41 (median 1.06), respectively. In 90 cases (9%), the concentration of D in blood exceeded 0.83 mg/L, which corresponds to an upper therapeutic limit in plasma (∼1.5 mg/L), assuming a plasma/blood distribution ratio of 1.8:1.

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