scholarly journals Prevalence and Correlates of Providing and Receiving Assistance With the Transition to Injection Drug Use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel E Gicquelais ◽  
Dan Werb ◽  
Charles Marks ◽  
Carolyn Ziegler ◽  
Shruti H Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Drug Injection ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Injection Initiation ◽  
Statistical Heterogeneity

Abstract Preventing the transition to injection drug use is an important public health goal, as people who inject drugs (PWID) are at high risk for overdose and acquisition of infectious disease. Initiation into drug injection is primarily a social process, often involving PWID assistance. A better understanding of the epidemiology of this phenomenon would inform interventions to prevent injection initiation and to enhance safety when assistance is provided. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to 1) characterize the prevalence of receiving (among injection-naive persons) and providing (among PWID) help or guidance with the first drug injection and 2) identify correlates associated with these behaviors. Correlates were organized as substance use behaviors, health outcomes (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus infection), or factors describing an individual’s social, economic, policy, or physical environment, defined by means of Rhodes’ risk environments framework. After screening of 1,164 abstracts, 57 studies were included. The prevalence of receiving assistance with injection initiation (help or guidance at the first injection) ranged 74% to 100% (n = 13 estimates). The prevalence of ever providing assistance with injection initiation varied widely (range, 13%–69%; n = 13 estimates). Injecting norms, sex/gender, and other correlates classified within Rhodes’ social risk environment were commonly associated with providing and receiving assistance. Nearly all PWID receive guidance about injecting for the first time, whereas fewer PWID report providing assistance. Substantial clinical and statistical heterogeneity between studies precluded meta-analysis, and thus local-level estimates may be necessary to guide the implementation of future psychosocial and sociostructural interventions. Further, estimates of providing assistance may be downwardly biased because of social desirability factors.

scholarly journals Drug Use and Postoperative Mortality Following Valve Surgery for Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1120-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Hall ◽  
Michael Shaughnessy ◽  
Griffin Boll ◽  
Kenneth Warner ◽  
Helen W Boucher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Postoperative Mortality ◽  
Valve Surgery ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractBackgroundInfective endocarditis (IE) often requires surgical intervention. An increasingly common cause of IE is injection drug use (IDU-IE). There is conflicting evidence on whether postoperative mortality differs between people with IDU-IE and people with IE from etiologies other than injection drug use (non–IDU-IE). In this manuscript, we compare short-term postoperative mortality in IDU-IE vs non–IDU-IE through systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsThe review was conducted according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Publication databases were queried for key terms included in articles up to September 2017. Randomized controlled trials, prospective cohorts, or retrospective cohorts that reported on 30-day mortality or in-hospital/operative mortality following valve surgery and that compared outcomes between IDU-IE and non–IDU-IE were included.ResultsThirteen studies with 1593 patients (n = 341 [21.4%] IDU-IE) were included in the meta-analysis. IDU-IE patients more frequently had tricuspid valve infection, Staphylococcus infection, and heart failure before surgery. Meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in 30-day postsurgical mortality or in-hospital mortality between the 2 groups.ConclusionsDespite differing preoperative clinical characteristics, early postoperative mortality does not differ between IDU-IE and non–IDU-IE patients who undergo valve surgery. Future research on long-term outcomes following valve replacement is needed to identify opportunities for improved healthcare delivery with IDU-IE.

The natural history of hepatitis C infection acquired through injection drug use: Meta-analysis and meta-regression

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ava John-Baptiste ◽  
Murray Krahn ◽  
Jenny Heathcote ◽  
Audery Laporte ◽  
George Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Meta Regression

scholarly journals 1215. A Mixed Methods Study on Severe Bacterial Infections in People Who Inject Drugs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S697-S697
Author(s):  
Alexander Hrycko ◽  
Benjamin Eckhardt ◽  
Pedro Mateu-Gelabert ◽  
Courtney Ciervo
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Drug Injection ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Causative Microorganism

Abstract Background Severe bacterial infections (SBI) associated with intravenous drug use have been increasing in frequency in the U.S. over the last decade. This mixed methods study aims to identify the risk factors associated with SBI in hospitalized individuals with recent injection drug use. Methods We conducted 34 quantitative and 15 qualitative interviews between August 2020 and June 2021 at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. Eligible participants were (1) >/= 18 year of age, (2) admitted with a SBI, and (3) reported injection drug use within the 90 days prior to admission. Quantitative and qualitative data was obtained using a quantitative survey and in-depth, semi structured interviews of participants respectively. Analysis was performed to examine trends and explore common themes potentially contributing factors to SBI. Results Of the 34 participants included, the median age was 37.5, 85% were male, 53% white, and 65% reported being homeless within the past 3 months. Endocarditis was the most common primary diagnosis (65%). Median length of hospital stay was 24 days and 35% required ICU level care during admission. A causative microorganism was identified in 85% of participants and 50% had Staphylococcus aureus as the sole organism. Discharges against medical advice occurred in 35%. Daily injection drug use in prior 30 days was 95% with a median of 10 injections per day. In the 30 days prior to admission, 50% reported an increase in injection frequency, 80% reported reusing needles and/or syringes, 75% reused cookers, 65% reused cottons. Analysis of qualitative interview data revealed high risk injection behaviors. Participants were not practicing and unaware of strategies to reduce their risk of drug injection-related SBI. Prior hospitalizations for SBI did not impact on this knowledge deficit on what constitutes bacterial infection risk and how to prevent it. Conclusion Study findings highlight the complexity of the injection drug use process and the potential social and physiological pathways leading to SBI. Multiple domains at the structural, network, and individual level that impact drug injection practices and provide context by which these factors predispose and lead to physiological tissue damage and the development of SBI among PWID. Disclosures Benjamin Eckhardt, MD, MS, Gilead Sciences (Grant/Research Support)

scholarly journals Non-injection Drug Use and Injection Initiation Assistance among People Who Inject Drugs in Tijuana, Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amen Ben Hamida ◽  
Claudia Rafful ◽  
Sonia Jain ◽  
Shelly Sun ◽  
Patricia Gonzalez-Zuniga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Injection Initiation

Introduction

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. R. Kleiman ◽  
Jonathan P. Caulkins ◽  
Angela Hawken
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Illegal Drugs ◽  
Drug Injection ◽  
Drug Dealing ◽  
Daily News

The devastation wrought by drugs and drug dealing is familiar from the daily news and carefully documented in academic journals. Illegal drugs get the most attention. A quarter of 14- to 15-year-olds in the United States have already tried an illegal drug. Injection drug use...

Injection and non-injection drug use among female sex workers in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 108655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Tavakoli ◽  
Mehrdad Khezri ◽  
Michelle Tam ◽  
Azam Bazrafshan ◽  
Hamid Sharifi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Female Sex

scholarly journals “I would rather do it myself”: injection initiation and current injection patterns among women who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Stewart ◽  
Brooke S. West ◽  
Claudia Rafful ◽  
Kenya Lazos ◽  
Jennifer Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Current Injection ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Injection Initiation ◽  
Women Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Protective Strategies

Abstract Background Women who inject drugs (WWID) experience unique risks and adverse health outcomes related to injection initiation and patterns of injection drug use. However, there is limited information on injection initiation experiences and injection patterns among women and the protective strategies employed to limit injection-related harms, especially in low- and middle-income settings. Therefore, this study sought to explore injection initiation and current injection patterns (e.g., relying on someone else to inject) among women who inject drugs and engage in sex work in Tijuana, Mexico. Methods Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 WWID on the following topics: injection initiation, current injection patterns, places where women inject, and protective strategies (i.e., risk reduction). All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and de-identified. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted to identify and compare common themes and patterns across participants. Results The interviews revealed that the vast majority of study participants were first initiated by another person who injects drugs (PWID), often a male sexual partner. However, the majority of the women transitioned to become self-injectors in order to avoid risks associated with relying on others for injection, including overdose, interpersonal violence, sexual abuse, and wounds. Those who relied on others indicated that they would prefer to inject themselves without assistance from others if they were able to. Conclusions The narratives uncovered in this study reveal the importance of multiple risk environments in shaping perceived risks associated with injection drug use among women in Tijuana, Mexico. Specifically, the interviews elucidate the connection between interpersonal relationships with other PWID and protective strategies used to minimize risk and harm. These findings highlight the need for women-centered harm reduction programs to facilitate the development of safer drug use environments among WWID in Tijuana, Mexico.

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