scholarly journals Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1122-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Irvine ◽  
Masa-aki Fukuwaka
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
The North ◽  
Abundance Trends

Abstract Irvine, J. R., and Fukuwaka, M. 2011. Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1122–1130. Understanding reasons for historical patterns in salmon abundance could help anticipate future climate-related changes. Recent salmon abundance in the northern North Pacific Ocean, as indexed by commercial catches, has been among the highest on record, with no indication of decline; the 2009 catch was the highest to date. Although the North Pacific Ocean continues to produce large quantities of Pacific salmon, temporal abundance patterns vary among species and areas. Currently, pink and chum salmon are very abundant overall and Chinook and coho salmon are less abundant than they were previously, whereas sockeye salmon abundance varies among areas. Analyses confirm climate-related shifts in abundance, associated with reported ecosystem regime shifts in approximately 1947, 1977, and 1989. We found little evidence to support a major shift after 1989. From 1990, generally favourable climate-related marine conditions in the western North Pacific Ocean, as well as expanding hatchery operations and improving hatchery technologies, are increasing abundances of chum and pink salmon. In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, climate-related changes are apparently playing a role in increasing chum and pink salmon abundances and declining numbers of coho and Chinook salmon.

scholarly journals Magnitude and Trends in Abundance of Hatchery and Wild Pink Salmon, Chum Salmon, and Sockeye Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 306-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory T. Ruggerone ◽  
Randall M. Peterman ◽  
Brigitte Dorner ◽  
Katherine W. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Pacific

Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Pacific

<em>Abstract.</em>—Limits to the capacity of the North Pacific Ocean to support salmon are suggested based on widespread observations of decreasing size and increasing age of salmon at maturation during time periods where the abundance of salmon has increased throughout the North Pacific rim. The increase in abundance of salmon is partially due to successful establishment of large-scale hatchery runs of chum salmon <em>Oncorhynchus keta </em>and pink salmon <em>O. gorbuscha</em>. The largest hatchery runs are chum salmon, and because of their long life span relative to the more abundant pink salmon, the increase in hatchery terminal run biomass under-represents the actual increase in salmon biomass. To put the increase in hatchery runs in perspective, the historical (since 1925) terminal runs and biomass of hatchery and wild pink, chum, and sockeye salmon <em>O. nerka </em>in the North Pacific Ocean were reconstructed. Various data sets of smolt releases from hatcheries, wild salmon estimates of smolt out-migrants, and subsequent adult returns by age and size were assembled. Age-structured models were fit to these data sets to estimate brood-year specific rates of natural mortality, growth, and maturation. The rates were then used to reconstruct total biomass of the “smolt data” stocks. The estimated ratio of terminal runs to total biomass estimated for the “smolt data” stocks were used to expand the historical time series of terminal run biomass on a species and area basis. The present total biomass (~4 million mt) of sockeye, chum, and pink salmon in the North Pacific Ocean is at historically high levels and is ~3.4 times the low levels observed in the early1970s. At least 38% of the recent ten-year average North Pacific salmon biomass is attributed to hatchery stocks of chum and pink salmon. Recent year terminal run biomass has been greater than the peak levels observed during the mid 1930s.

Central Pacific El Niño and decadal climate change in the North Pacific Ocean

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 762-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Di Lorenzo ◽  
K. M. Cobb ◽  
J. C. Furtado ◽  
N. Schneider ◽  
B. T. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
El Nino ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Central Pacific El Niño ◽  
The North ◽  
Decadal Climate ◽  
The North Pacific

An ensemble analysis to predict future habitats of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) in the North Pacific Ocean

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan-Jay Su ◽  
Chi-Lu Sun ◽  
André E. Punt ◽  
Su-Zan Yeh ◽  
Gerard DiNardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The North Pacific ◽  
Ensemble Analysis

Abstract Su, N.-J., Sun, C.-L., Punt, A. E., Yeh, S.-Z., DiNardo, G., and Chang, Y.-J. 2013. An ensemble analysis to predict future habitats of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) in the North Pacific Ocean. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1013–1022. Striped marlin is a highly migratory species distributed throughout the North Pacific Ocean, which shows considerable variation in spatial distribution as a consequence of habitat preference. This species may therefore shift its range in response to future changes in the marine environment driven by climate change. It is important to understand the factors determining the distribution of striped marlin and the influence of climate change on these factors, to develop effective fisheries management policies given the economic importance of the species and the impact of fishing. We examined the spatial patterns and habitat preferences of striped marlin using generalized additive models fitted to data from longline fisheries. Future distributions were predicted using an ensemble analysis, which represents the uncertainty due to several global climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The increase in water temperature driven by climate change is predicted to lead to a northward displacement of striped marlin in the North Pacific Ocean. Use of a simple predictor of water temperature to describe future distribution, as in several previous studies, may not be robust, which emphasizes that variables other than sea surface temperatures from bioclimatic models are needed to understand future changes in the distribution of large pelagic species.

A review of marine environmental contaminant issues in the North Pacific: The dangers and how to identify them

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robie W Macdonald ◽  
Brian Morton ◽  
Sophia C Johannessen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Ecosystem Change ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Pacific

Chemical contaminants in the North Pacific Ocean include hydrocarbons, persistent organic pollutants, metals, persistent solids, and domestic pollutants. Here, we review contaminant research conducted over the past decade, finding that the effects of contaminants cannot be considered in isolation from other major factors causing change to North Pacific ecosystems. Climate change, over-fishing, habitat destruction, eutrophication, and the introduction of exotic species interact with one another and alter contaminant pathways. Climate change and over-fishing are perceived as the main threats to the remote northern marginal seas, the central North Pacific, and the west coast of North America, with contaminants engendering local concern, especially in semi-enclosed bodies of water. Climate change receives less attention in Asian waters, probably because widespread habitat destruction and contamination provide, by themselves, an impending ecological disaster. A systematic approach is urgently required to recognize and prioritize the threats to North Pacific coastal ecosystems. This should include box models, case studies, proxy records, and time series. The ocean should be monitored as a system, including physical media (water, sediment) and the full trophic range of the food web, and tissues should be preserved in archives to provide a resource for understanding emerging concerns. Finally, the development of ecological indicators is urgently required to provide a robust warning system based on the health of the marine ecosystems themselves. It is time to conduct a multi-national assessment of the North Pacific Ocean to develop a common, factual awareness of the threats looming over our coastal waters. Key words: contaminants, climate change, ecosystem change, monitoring, North Pacific, trends.

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