scholarly journals Extreme duty cycles in the acoustic signals of tiger moths: Sexual and natural selection operating in parallel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohami Fernández ◽  
Nicolas J Dowdy ◽  
William E Conner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Acoustic Communication ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
High Duty Cycle ◽  
Duty Cycles ◽  
Tiger Moths

Abstract Sound production in tiger moths (Erebidae: Arctiinae) plays a role in natural selection. Some species use tymbal sounds as jamming signals avoiding bat predation. High duty cycle signals have the greatest efficacy in this regard. Tiger moth sounds can also be used for intraspecific communication. Little is known about the role of sound in the mating behavior of jamming species or the signal preferences underlying mate choice. We recorded sound production during the courtship of two high duty cycle arctiines, Bertholdia trigona and Carales arizonensis. We characterized variation in their acoustic signals, measured female preference for male signals that vary in duty cycle, and performed female choice experiments to determine the effect of male duty cycle on the acceptance of male mates. Although both species produced sound during courtship, the role of acoustic communication appears different between the species. Bertholdia trigona was acoustically active in all intraspecific interactions. Females preferred and ultimately mated with males that produced higher duty cycles. Muted males were never chosen. In C. arizonensis however, sound emissions were limited during courtship and in some successful matings no sound was detected. Muted and clicking males were equally successful in female mate-choice experiments, indicating that acoustic communication is not essential for mating in C. arizonensis. Our results suggest that in B. trigona natural and sexual selection may work in parallel, to favor higher duty cycle clicking.

scholarly journals Acoustic communication in the pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Eben ◽  
Roland Mühlethaler ◽  
Jürgen Gross ◽  
Hannelore Hoch
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Acoustic Communication ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Mate Finding ◽  
Cacopsylla Pyri ◽  
Substrate Vibrations

Intraspecific acoustic communication via substrate vibrations is common in Hemiptera. Pear psyllids are economically important as vectors of pear decline phytoplasmas. Their mating behaviour has not been previously studied. We recorded the first acoustic signals emitted by male C. pyri. Further studies will clarifiy the importance of these signals for mate finding and mate choice in this pest species.

Effects of contraction frequency and duty cycle on diaphragmatic blood flow

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Buchler ◽  
S. Magder ◽  
C. Roussos
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Contraction Time ◽  
Phrenic Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Contraction Frequency ◽  
Time Index ◽  
High Duty Cycle ◽  
Duty Cycles ◽  
Tension Time ◽  
Microsphere Method

The effects of diaphragmatic contraction frequency (no. of intermittent tetanic contractions/min) at a given tension-time index and of duty cycle (contraction time/total cycle time) on diaphragmatic blood flow were measured in anesthetized mongrel dogs during bilateral supramaximal phrenic nerve stimulation. Diaphragmatic blood flow was measured by the radionuclide-labeled microsphere method. Contraction frequency was varied between 10 and 160/min at duty cycles of 0.25 and 0.75. Diaphragmatic blood flow increased with contraction frequency from 1.47 +/- 0.13 ml X min-1 X g-1 (mean +/- SE) at an average of 18/min to 2.65 +/- 0.16 ml X min-1 X g-1 at 74/min (P less than 0.01) with a duty cycle of 0.25 and from 1.32 +/- 0.19 ml X min-1 X g-1 at an average of 15/min to 1.96 +/- 0.15 ml X min-1 X g-1 at 80/min (P less than 0.02) with a duty cycle of 0.75. At higher contraction frequencies diaphragmatic blood flow did not increase further at both duty cycles. In addition, diaphragmatic blood flow was higher with a duty cycle of 0.25 than 0.75 at all contraction frequencies. We conclude that frequency of contraction is a major determinant of diaphragmatic blood flow and that high duty cycle impedes diaphragmatic blood flow.

First operation of the SASE1 undulator system of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Abeghyan ◽  
M. Bagha-Shanjani ◽  
G. Chen ◽  
U. Englisch ◽  
S. Karabekyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Radiation Dosimetry ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Duty Cycle ◽  
Dosimetry System ◽  
And Control

The European XFEL comprises three undulator systems. All of the systems use standardized mechanical, magnetic and control components. The key elements such as undulators, phase shifters and quadrupole movers as well as their controls are described, with special emphasis on the SASE1 undulator system, which was the first to become operational and has been lasing since May 2017. The role of these systems for the commissioning is outlined with special emphasis on beam-based alignment, which was important to achieve first lasing. Radiation damage was observed. The exposure doses were measured with the online radiation dosimetry system. Countermeasures and latest results are reported, which are important for a high-duty-cycle machine such as the European XFEL.

The sounds of fighting: contests between violet vinegar crabs, Episesarma versicolor (Tweedie, 1940) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), are resolved through acoustic communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-341
Author(s):  
Song Lin Rigel Goh ◽  
Hari Vishnu ◽  
Ngan Kee Ng
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Communication ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Wood Substrate ◽  
Resource Holding Potential ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
Temporal Features

Abstract Sound plays an important role in animal communication. Sesarmid crabs (family Sesarmidae) are semi-terrestrial crabs found in tropical and temperate regions, and are known to communicate through acoustic signals. The violet vinegar crab Episesarma versicolor (Tweedie, 1940) is a tree-climber known to possess sound-producing structures. The significance of sounds produced by E. versicolor during intraspecific contests, however, remains unknown. We investigated the context in which sound production occurs by staging 27 trials using male crabs. Three main types of acoustic behaviours were documented: rapping, leg stamping, and vibration. With the exception of vibration, these behaviours were also observed in female crabs. The air or the wood substrate was utilised to transmit acoustic signals, with each sound having unique spectral and temporal features serving different purposes. Rapping and leg stamping may be an advertisement of the sender’s resource-holding potential for territorial defence and asserting dominance during fights. Vibration is likely a victory display that discourages the contest loser as well as individuals in the vicinity from engaging the victor in another fight. Episesarma versicolor can therefore produce acoustic signals that may contain information about the sender, minimising costs associated with direct conflicts.

scholarly journals To females of a noctuid moth, male courtship songs are nothing more than bat echolocation calls

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 582-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Nakano ◽  
Takuma Takanashi ◽  
Niels Skals ◽  
Annemarie Surlykke ◽  
Yukio Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Communication ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Sensory Exploitation ◽  
Echolocation Calls ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
Bias Model ◽  
Courtship Songs ◽  
Moth Male

It has been proposed that intraspecific ultrasonic communication observed in some moths evolved, through sexual selection, subsequent to the development of ears sensitive to echolocation calls of insectivorous bats. Given this scenario, the receiver bias model of signal evolution argues that acoustic communication in moths should have evolved through the exploitation of receivers' sensory bias towards bat ultrasound. We tested this model using a noctuid moth Spodoptera litura , males of which were recently found to produce courtship ultrasound. We first investigated the mechanism of sound production in the male moth, and subsequently the role of the sound with reference to the female's ability to discriminate male courtship songs from bat calls. We found that males have sex-specific tymbals for ultrasound emission, and that the broadcast of either male songs or simulated bat calls equally increased the acceptance of muted males by the female. It was concluded that females of this moth do not distinguish between male songs and bat calls, supporting the idea that acoustic communication in this moth evolved through a sensory exploitation process.

scholarly journals Anti-bat tiger moth sounds: Form and function

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Corcoran ◽  
William E. Conner ◽  
Jesse R. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Low Duty Cycle ◽  
Tiger Moth ◽  
Moth Species ◽  
Tiger Moths ◽  
And Function ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Abstract The night sky is the venue of an ancient acoustic battle between echolocating bats and their insect prey. Many tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) answer the attack calls of bats with a barrage of high frequency clicks. Some moth species use these clicks for acoustic aposematism and mimicry, and others for sonar jamming, however, most of the work on these defensive functions has been done on individual moth species. We here analyze the diversity of structure in tiger moth sounds from 26 species collected at three locations in North and South America. A principal components analysis of the anti-bat tiger moth sounds reveals that they vary markedly along three axes: (1) frequency, (2) duty cycle (sound production per unit time) and frequency modulation, and (3) modulation cycle (clicks produced during flexion and relaxation of the sound producing tymbal) structure. Tiger moth species appear to cluster into two distinct groups: one with low duty cycle and few clicks per modulation cycle that supports an acoustic aposematism function, and a second with high duty cycle and many clicks per modulation cycle that is consistent with a sonar jamming function. This is the first evidence from a community-level analysis to support multiple functions for tiger moth sounds. We also provide evidence supporting an evolutionary history for the development of these strategies. Furthermore, cross-correlation and spectrogram correlation measurements failed to support a “phantom echo” mechanism underlying sonar jamming, and instead point towards echo interference.

scholarly journals Role of charge accumulation in guided streamer evolution in helium DBD plasma jets

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Pinchuk ◽  
Anton Nikiforov ◽  
Vadim Snetov ◽  
Zhaoquan Chen ◽  
Christophe Leys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Strong Field ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma ◽  
Plasma Jet ◽  
Plasma Jets ◽  
Propagation Mode ◽  
Dbd Plasma ◽  
Duty Cycles ◽  
Ionization Waves

AbstractExperimental data are presented on the evolution of a helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet driven by a tailored voltage waveform generated as bunches of voltage pulses consisting of a superposition of $$\approx 43$$ ≈ 43  kHz bipolar square pulses and $$\approx 300$$ ≈ 300  kHz oscillations. The characteristics of directed ionization waves (guided streamers) are compared for bunches with different first pulse polarities and different bunch duty cycles. The longest and brightest streamers are achieved at the voltage bunch with the first negative pulse and a minimum duty cycle. The dynamics of streamers at the voltage bunch with the first positive pulse are characterized by the shortest length and a lower brightness. The plasma jet length can be smoothly changed by varying the number of pulses in the bunch and the polarity of the first pulse. It is thus possible to precisely localize the region of a strong field in space by combining the parameters of the applied voltage (the duty cycle and polarity of the first pulse of a bunch) with a stepwise propagation mode of a guided streamer.

Acoustic-Reflex Dynamics for Pulsed Signals

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-308
Author(s):  
Terry L. Wiley ◽  
Raymond S. Karlovich
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Acoustic Impedance ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Broadband Noise ◽  
Threshold Shift ◽  
Temporary Threshold Shift ◽  
Acoustic Reflex ◽  
Stapedius Muscle ◽  
Duty Cycles

Contralateral acoustic-reflex measurements were taken for 10 normal-hearing subjects using a pulsed broadband noise as the reflex-activating signal. Acoustic impedance was measured at selected times during the on (response maximum) and off (response minimum) portions of the pulsed activator over a 2-min interval as a function of activator period and duty cycle. Major findings were that response maxima increased as a function of time for longer duty cycles and that response minima increased as a function of time for all duty cycles. It is hypothesized that these findings are attributable to the recovery characteristics of the stapedius muscle. An explanation of portions of the results from previous temporary threshold shift experiments on the basis of acoustic-reflex dynamics is proposed.

Randomness and Complexity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. Vigdor
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Rna World ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Variable Theory ◽  
Cosmological Natural Selection ◽  
Einstein Podolsky Rosen ◽  
World Hypothesis ◽  
Rna World Hypothesis

Chapter 7 describes the fundamental role of randomness in quantum mechanics, in generating the first biomolecules, and in biological evolution. Experiments testing the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox have demonstrated, via Bell’s inequalities, that no local hidden variable theory can provide a viable alternative to quantum mechanics, with its fundamental randomness built in. Randomness presumably plays an equally important role in the chemical assembly of a wide array of polymer molecules to be sampled for their ability to store genetic information and self-replicate, fueling the sort of abiogenesis assumed in the RNA world hypothesis of life’s beginnings. Evidence for random mutations in biological evolution, microevolution of both bacteria and antibodies and macroevolution of the species, is briefly reviewed. The importance of natural selection in guiding the adaptation of species to changing environments is emphasized. A speculative role of cosmological natural selection for black-hole fecundity in the evolution of universes is discussed.

scholarly journals The Possible Role of the Uropygial Gland on Mate Choice in Domestic Chicken

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Hirao
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Individual Recognition ◽  
Copulatory Behavior ◽  
Uropygial Gland ◽  
Odor Cues ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Efferent Projections ◽  
Opposite Sex

In avian mating systems, male domestic fowls are polygamous and mate with a number of selected members of the opposite sex. The factors that influence mating preference are considered to be visual cues. However, several studies have indicated that chemosensory cues also affect socio-sexual behavior, including mate choice and individual recognition. The female uropygial gland appears to provide odor for mate choice, as uropygial gland secretions are specific to individual body odor. Chicken olfactory bulbs possess efferent projections to the nucleus taeniae that are involved in copulatory behavior. From various reports, it appears that the uropygial gland has the potential to act as the source of social odor cues that dictate mate choice. In this review, evidence for the possible role of the uropygial gland on mate choice in domestic chickens is presented. However, it remains unclear whether a relationship exists between the uropygial gland and major histocompatibility complex-dependent mate choice.

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