Prolonged growth hormone (GH) excess is known to be associated with insulin resistance, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of GH on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in human skeletal muscle. In a cross-over design, eight healthy male subjects (age 26.0 ± 0.8 yr and body mass index 24.1 ± 0.5 kg/m2) were infused for 360 min with either GH (Norditropin, 45 ng·kg−1·min−1) or saline. During the final 180 min of the infusion, a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was performed (insulin infusion rate: 1.2 mU·kg−1·min−1). Muscle biopsies from vastus lateralis were taken before GH/saline administration and after 60 min of hyperinsulinemia. GLUT4 content and insulin signaling, as assessed by insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt activity were determined. GH levels increased to a mean (±SE) level of 20.0 ± 2.3 vs. 0.5 ± 0.2 μg/l after saline infusion ( P < 0.01). During GH infusion, the glucose infusion rate during hyperinsulinemia was reduced by 38% ( P < 0.01). In both conditions, free fatty acids were markedly suppressed during hyperinsulinemia. Despite skeletal muscle insulin resistance, insulin still induced a similar ∼3-fold rise in IRS-1-associated PI 3-kinase activity (269 ± 105 and 311 ± 71% compared with baseline, GH vs. saline). GH infusion did not change Akt protein expression, and insulin caused an ∼13-fold increase in Akt activity (1,309 ± 327 and 1,287 ± 173%) after both GH and saline infusion. No difference in total GLUT4 content was noted (114.7 ± 7.4 and 107.6 ± 16.7 arbitrary units, GH vs. saline, compared with baseline). In conclusion, insulin resistance in skeletal muscle induced by short-term GH administration is not associated with detectable changes in the upstream insulin-signaling cascade or reduction in total GLUT4. Yet unknown mechanisms in insulin signaling downstream of Akt may be responsible.
Short-term heat stress altered metabolism and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle
