Minimal abductive solutions with explicit justification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Medina-Vega ◽  
Francisco HernÁndez-Quiroz ◽  
Fernando R VelÁzquez-Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Justification Logic ◽  
Precise Meaning

Abstract Abductive problems and their solutions are presented by means of justification logic. We introduce additional meta-constructions in order to generate and compare different solutions to the same abductive problem. Our approach has three advantages: (i) it makes structurally explicit the solution to an abductive problem (as it has a syntactic nature); (ii) it gives a precise meaning to the notion of evidence; (iii) it provides clear definitions and procedures for the comparison of solutions that can be adapted to different needs.

The Ethical Dative in Aramaic

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-116
Author(s):  
Steven E. Fassberg
Keyword(s):  
Limited Extent ◽  
Linguistic Feature ◽  
Precise Meaning ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Aramaic Dialects

Abstract The ethical dative (dativus ethicus) has been attested without interruption in Aramaic dialects from the Official Aramaic period down through Neo-Aramaic. The extent and durability of this linguistic feature is discussed. Though its frequency differs from corpus to corpus, it is alive in some Neo-Aramaic dialects and its distribution in Modern Aramaic suggests that it was more widespread in pre-Modern Aramaic than the written texts show. It is most probably a colloquial feature that penetrated written texts to a limited extent. In the only real evidence we possess of spoken Aramaic, namely, Neo-Aramaic, it has, in different dialects, become an integral part of some verbal forms and does not express any identifiable nuance. Its precise meaning and use in pre-Modern Aramaic remain elusive.

The ‘Leges Iudiciariae’ of the Pre-Sullan Era

1973 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam T. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Precise Meaning

Mommsen invented the notion that the ancient sources provide clear evidence for placing the pre-Sullan laws affecting the iudicia publica in two distinct categories, i.e. laws affecting courts in general (leges iudiciariae) and laws affecting one court (leges repetundarum, maiestatis, etc.). Fraccaro demolished it, arguing that the term lex iudiciaria had no such precise meaning in the ancient authors and that all the laws to which it was applied, before the Lex Aurelia of 70, were, in fact, leges repetundarum.

scholarly journals A Dutiful Child: The Implications of Article 31 of the African Children's Charter

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sloth-Nielsen ◽  
BD Mezmur
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Precise Meaning ◽  
Valuable Addition ◽  
International Experiences ◽  
International Human

AbstractEach right has a corresponding duty. The African Children's Charter, under article 31, imposes a range of duties on children. Understandably, it could become contentious when an instrument on the rights and welfare of children expressly imposes duties on them. After setting the platform for discussion by highlighting international experiences and outlining the African concept of human rights, this article critically examines and attempts to clarify the precise meaning, content, conditions of compliance and application of those duties for children. By way of conclusion, it suggests that article 31 represents a valuable addition to the international human rights agenda, and that a purposeful interpretation of its constituent parts reveals that children should be required to play a role at family, community, national and continental levels, in accordance with their age and maturity as they grow up, as part and parcel of their heritage, empowerment and developing citizenship.

Postmodernism in music

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Rudolf Flotzinger
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Precise Meaning

The relevance of the term ‘postmodernism’ to a discussion of the music of this century is examined. Postmodernism in music does not have any precise meaning but can be used to evaluate a number of aspects of contemporary music.

scholarly journals A Conflict Tolerant Logic of Explicit Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-144
Author(s):  
Thomas Studer
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Justification Logic ◽  
Epistemic Modal ◽  
Epistemic Reasoning ◽  
Basic Properties

Standard epistemic modal logic is unable to adequately deal with the FrauchigerRenner paradox in quantum physics. We introduce a novel justification logic CTJ, in which the paradox can be formalized without leading to an inconsistency. Still CTJ is strong enough to model traditional epistemic reasoning. Our logic tolerates two different pieces of evidence such that one piece justifies a proposition and the other piece justifies the negation of that proposition. However, our logic disallows one piece of evidence to justify both a proposition and its negation. We present syntax and semantics for CTJ and discuss its basic properties. Then we give an example of epistemic reasoning in CTJ that illustrates how the different principles of CTJ interact. We continue with the formalization of the Frauchiger–Renner thought experiment and discuss it in detail. Further, we add a trust axiom to CTJ and again discuss epistemic reasoning and the paradox in this extended setting.

scholarly journals Through a Glass Darkly: The Role and Review of "National Security" Concepts in Canadian Law

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Forcese
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
National Security ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Precise Meaning ◽  
Canadian Law ◽  
Real Importance ◽  
The Government

The expression "national security" or its close similes lacks a precise meaning, even in the public policy literature. Nevertheless, the concept appears in over 30 federal statutes. In most instances, the term is undefined, an important oversight in light of the significant powers these statutes accord the government. Under these circumstances, how courts review government invocations of "national security" is of real importance. With some exceptions, courts applying s. 7 of the Charter and standard administrative law doctrines have accorded substantial deference to government national security determinations. When largely deferential substantive review of the ambiguous concept of national security is coupled with the ex parti and in camera context in which these cases are often heard, the net effect is to leave government with a freer hand in national security matters than in other domains of administrative decision making. Several possible responses to this problem are proposed.

scholarly journals Some Illustrations of Information Geometry in Biology and Physics

2012 ◽  
pp. 287-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. J. Dodson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
State Space ◽  
Information Geometry ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Binary Variables ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Precise Meaning ◽  
Rate Processes ◽  
Intuitive Sense

Many real processes have stochastic features which seem to be representable in some intuitive sense as `close to Poisson’, `nearly random’, `nearly uniform’ or with binary variables `nearly independent’. Each of those particular reference states, defined by an equation, is unstable in the formal sense, but it is passed through or hovered about by the observed process. Information geometry gives precise meaning for nearness and neighbourhood in a state space of processes, naturally quantifying proximity of a process to a particular state via an information theoretic metric structure on smoothly parametrized families of probability density functions. We illustrate some aspects of the methodology through case studies: inhomogeneous statistical evolutionary rate processes for epidemics, amino acid spacings along protein chains, constrained disordering of crystals, distinguishing nearby signal distributions and testing pseudorandom number generators.

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