Lucilia bufonivora, Not Lucilia silvarum (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Causes Myiasis in Anurans in North America With Notes About Lucilia elongata and Lucilia thatuna

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
T L Whitworth ◽  
Matthew G Bolek ◽  
G Arias-Robledo
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
American Studies ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Palearctic Region

Abstract In North America, until recently, all cases of anuran myiasis were attributed to Lucilia silvarum (Meigen) or Lucilia elongata Shannon. The latter species is exceedingly rare and its life history is unknown, but L. silvarum is common and was thought to be capable of being either parasitic or saprophytic in North America. Until recently, the anuran parasite Lucilia bufonivora Moniez was thought to be strictly Palearctic, but a study in 2014 has determined this species is established throughout southern Canada. In 2019, a study demonstrated, with molecular and morphological evidence, that two adult flies formerly identified as L. silvarum and reared from amphibian myiasis cases from Canada, are actually L. bufonivora. Although the mentioned study detected relatively high genetic distances with European L. bufonivora, the lack of evident morphological differentiation suggest that they are the same species. The current study examined 12 adult males and eleven adult females morphologically from three additional North American studies. Specimens were examined which had been identified as L. silvarum or L. elongata, and they all proved to be L. bufonivora. We now suspect L. silvarum is strictly saprophagous in North America like they are in the Palearctic Region. We also provide evidence that the pattern of myiasis differs between European and North American specimens.

scholarly journals Life History Implications of Complete and Incomplete Primary Molts in Pelagic Cormorants

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher E. Filardi ◽  
Sievert Rohwer
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Northeastern Asia ◽  
Flight Feather ◽  
Historia De Vida

Abstract We describe the rules of primary flight-feather replacement for Pelagic Cormorants (Phalacrocorax pelagicus), and contrast the completeness of primary replacement in individuals from Asia and North America. In adult Pelagic Cormorants primary replacement is stepwise, with multiple waves of molt, each initiated at the innermost primary (P1), proceeding simultaneously toward the tip of the wing. Shugart and Rohwer's (1996) ontogenetic model for generating and maintaining stepwise primary replacement depended upon incomplete molts. In each new episode of molt, waves of primary replacement were thought to be initiated at P1 and at each arrested wave that had failed to replace all old feathers in the preceding molt. Because most adult Pelagic Cormorants from North America completely replace their primaries but maintain stepwise primary molts, the latter assumption must be relaxed. In contrast to the present-day situation in North America, Pelagic Cormorants from northeastern Asia have incomplete molts of their primaries, and may be forced to skip breeding in some years to clear their wings of overworn primaries. Young birds from Asia start the replacement of their juvenile primaries later than North American birds and replace more feathers simultaneously. Implicancias de la Muda Primaria Completa e Incompleta en la Historia de Vida de Phalacrocorax pelagicus Resumen. Describimos las reglas de reemplazo de plumas primarias para Phalacrocorax pelagicus y contrastamos la totalización del reemplazo de primarias entre individuos de Asia y América del Norte. En individuos adultos, el reemplazo de primarias ocurre en varias etapas, con múltiples secuencias de muda cada una iniciada en la primaria más interna (P1), procediendo simultáneamente hacia la punta del ala. El modelo ontogenético de Shugart y Rohwer (1996) para la generación y mantenimiento del reemplazo en etapas de las plumas primarias depende de mudas incompletas. Se pensaba que en cada nuevo episodio de muda las secuencias de reemplazo de primarias eran iniciadas en P1 y en cada punto de interrupción de la muda precedente que hubiera impedido el reemplazo de todas las plumas viejas. Debido a que la mayoría de los individuos adultos de P. pelagicus de Norteamérica reeemplazan completamente sus primarias pero aún lo hacen en etapas, la última suposición debe ser re-evaluada. En contraste con la situación actual en Norteamérica, individuos del noreste de Asia tienen mudas incompletas de sus primarias y pueden verse forzados a no reproducirse en algunos años para despojarse de la presencia de primarias desgastadas. Las aves juveniles de Asia comienzan el reemplazo de sus primarias más tarde y reemplazan más plumas simultáneamente que las aves de Norteamérica.

The adaptive significance of paedogenesis in North American species of Ambystoma (Amphibia: Caudata): an hypothesis

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Gary Sprules
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Ambystomatid Salamanders ◽  
Harsh Conditions

Paedogenesis in varying degrees is exhibited by many species of North American salamanders, particularly of the genus Ambystoma. On the basis of a consideration of the ecology of these species, it is proposed that paedogenesis is evolutionarily adaptive and the following hypothesis is presented. In most habitats where ambystomatid salamanders occur, they exhibit the typical amphibian life history, consisting of aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. However, where unusually harsh conditions, such as severe temperature fluctuations, lack of suitable cover or food, and low humidity, exist on land then the adjacent aquatic habitat is more suitable for salamanders provided it is permanent and provided fish are rare or absent. Under these circumstances paedogenesis will evolve because salamanders which spend their whole lives as larvae in the water have an adaptive advantage over those which metamorphose and become primarily terrestrial. Supporting evidence for the hypothesis is based primarily on patterns of similarity in the ecology of paedogenetic species of Ambystoma. It is suggested that paedogenesis is most commonly reported from the western mountains because this area contains more permanent fish-free ponds than any other area of North America. Exceptions to the hypothesis are discussed and some speculation on the genetic basis of paedogenesis is offered.

scholarly journals Social and Behavioural Factors in Cetacean Responses to Overexploitation: Are Odontocetes Less “Resilient” Than Mysticetes?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Wade ◽  
Randall R. Reeves ◽  
Sarah L. Mesnick
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Alloparental Care ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Baleen Whales ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Behavioural Factors

Many severely depleted populations of baleen whales (Mysticeti) have exhibited clear signs of recovery whereas there are few examples in toothed whales (Odontoceti). We hypothesize that this difference is due, at least in part, to social and behavioural factors. Clearly, a part of the lack of resilience to exploitation is explained by odontocete life history. However, an additional factor may be the highly social nature of many odontocetes in which survival and reproductive success may depend on: (a) social cohesion and organization, (b) mutual defence against predators and possible alloparental care, (c) inter-generational transfer of “knowledge”, and (d) leadership by older individuals. We found little evidence of strong recovery in any of the depleted populations examined. Their relatively low potential rates of increase mean that odontocete populations can be over-exploited with take rates of only a few percent per year. Exploitation can have effects beyond the dynamics of individual removals. Four species showed evidence of a decrease in birth rates following exploitation; potential mechanisms include a deficit of adult females, a deficit of adult males, and disruption of mating systems. The evidence for a lack of strong recovery in heavily exploited odontocete populations indicates that management should be more precautionary.

A review of the Thaumaleidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) of eastern North America, including a redefinition of the genus Androprosopa Mik

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
New Records ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Adult Males

AbstractThe genus Androprosopa Mik (Diptera: Thaumaleidae) is redefined and expanded to include 51 species. Adult, pupa, and final-instar larva of the eastern North American species of Androprosopa americana (Bezzi) comb. n., A. thornburghae (Vaillant) comb. n., A. vaillantiana sp. n., and Thaumalea verralli Edwards (new Nearctic record) are described and illustrated. New records of Trichothaumalea elakalensis Sinclair also are provided. Keys to adult males, pupae, and larvae for all five eastern Nearctic species are included.

Broad geographic sampling and DNA barcoding do not support the presence of Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Clitellata: Glossiphoniidae) in North America

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4671 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL EIJI IWAMA ◽  
ALEJANDRO OCEGUERA-FIGUEROA ◽  
DANIELLE DE CARLE ◽  
CLAIRE MANGLICMOT ◽  
CHRISTER ERSÉUS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
The Body ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Intraspecific Divergence ◽  
Geographic Boundaries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Taxonomic Confusion

The description of Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) has emphasized the presence of a nuchal, chitinous scute located on the dorsal surface in the first third of the body as the diagnostic character for the species. Historically, identifications of species of Helobdella have relied heavily on this character and, as a result, Helobdella stagnalis has been reported from an inordinately broad geographic range, including Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. In addition to a few earlier investigations, a recent analysis showed that great genetic distances (orders of magnitude greater than previous estimations of intraspecific divergence in leeches) are present between scute-bearing specimens identified as H. stagnalis from Europe and North America, implying that H. stagnalis does not occur in North America. The present study expands the geographic boundaries of taxon sampling for both European and North American taxa, and re-examines the phylogenetic relationships and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) variation within scute-bearing species of the genus Helobdella. Our analyses include specimens putatively identified as “Helobdella stagnalis” from Sweden, Norway, Iceland, England, France, Italy, Slovenia, Turkey, Russia, and Iran, as well as numerous localities covering Canada and the USA. Our results corroborate previous studies in that European and west Asian specimens form a clade, including the neotype, which is separate from North American taxa. To alleviate future taxonomic confusion, we redescribe H. stagnalis and designate a neotype from the inferred type locality. The designation of a neotype stabilizes the taxonomy of scute-bearing leeches of the genus Helobdella and enables us to definitively correct erroneous identifications reported in previous studies. We also note that at least four lineages of scute-bearing, North American species of Helobdella lack formal descriptions. 

scholarly journals THE BIOLOGY OF THREE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MESOVELIA (HEMIPTERA-MESOVELIIDAE).,

1932 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence H. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Common Species ◽  
North American Species ◽  
The Other

The purpose of this paper is to present what is known at the present time concerning the life histories and habits of the Mesoveliidae, particularly those of three species of the genus Mesovelia Muls. found in North America. Studies on our most common species, Mesovelia mulsanti bisignata Uhler, were carried out in Michigan and Kansas, while biological notes on the other two species were taken in the region of Douglas Lake, Michigan, their only known habitat. Isolated rearings and life history studies of all three species were made at Lawrence, Kansas.

Systematics of North American Petasites (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). I. Morphometric analyses

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M Cherniawsky ◽  
Randall J Bayer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
North American ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Cohesive Group ◽  
Reproductive Characters

Petasites Mill. (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) is a taxonomically difficult genus of polygamodioecious, perennial clonal herbs distributed across Canada, Alaska, and the northern contiguous United States. The taxonomic confusion surrounding the genus is reflected in the ambiguity of the various classification systems currently used. As many as ten species and as few as two species have been recognized (Petasites sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) Gray and Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries with three varieties), in addition to one hybrid taxon. To determine if discrete groups could be recognized according to a combination of vegetative and (or) reproductive characters and thereby clarify the phenetic relationships among the taxa of Petasites, morphological data were subjected to principal components and discriminant analyses. Particular emphasis was placed on P. frigidus var. frigidus, P. frigidus var. nivalis sensu Bogle, and the purported hybrid between these taxa, which exhibits an intermediate morphology (the frigidus complex). Additionally, the specific status of P. sagittatus was investigated. Evidence obtained from multivariate morphometric analyses indicates that North American Petasites is comprised of four closely related polymorphic entities. While morphological variation among different taxa of Petasites is continuous for most reproductive characters, leaf characters were determined to be the most taxonomically discriminating. The entities of the frigidus complex form a cohesive group somewhat distinct from the other taxa. The morphological differentiation between P. sagittatus and other taxa of Petasites is not considered sufficient to warrant recognition of specific status. Therefore, we recommend that only one polymorphic species of Petasites in North America be recognized (P. frigidus with three varieties) in addition to one hybrid taxon originating from a cross between two of the varieties. Key words: Petasites, Asteraceae, North America, systematics, principal components analysis, discriminant analysis.

DIPTERA LARVAE ASSOCIATED WITH TREES IN NORTH AMERICA

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (S100) ◽  
pp. 1-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Teskey
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Diptera Larvae

AbstractThis paper treats of larvae of 45 families of North American Diptera which are associated with dead and living trees. A key and illustrations are provided for identification of 43 families whose larvae are sufficiently well known. Also provided is a description of the larvae of each family, the type of larval–tree association, and wherever possible, notes on the life history and behaviour, and an inventory at generic or specific level of the fauna involved.

The life history of Trichosurus vulpecula hypoleucus (Phalangeridae) in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Wayne ◽  
C. G. Ward ◽  
J. F. Rooney ◽  
C. V. Vellios ◽  
D. B. Lindenmayer
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Testis Size ◽  
Trichosurus Vulpecula ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Western Australian

The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is noted for its morphological, biological and ecological variability across its range. Despite having suffered substantial population declines since European settlement, relatively little has been published on the south-western Australian subspecies, the koomal (T. v. hypoleucus). This study reports morphological, reproductive and general life-history data from an 18-month study of a population in the southern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest at Chariup (part of Perup), near Manjimup, in south-western Australia. As one of the smallest subspecies, adult males of T. v. hypoleucus averaged 1616 g and females averaged 1470 g. Sexual dimorphism also occurred with head length and pes length, but not tail length. A single autumn breeding season occurred in both 2002 and 2003, in which all adult females bred and produced a single young between February and May. The onset of autumn births was associated with the end of the summer drought. Unlike many other Trichosurus populations, no spring breeding pulse or ‘double-breeding’ events were observed. At least 83% of pouch young survived to pouch emergence. The growth rate of offspring was initially linear, but became curvilinear and approached an asymptote after ~5 months. Most females bred for the first time when they were 1 year old. On the basis of testis size, males also matured at 1 year old. The body condition of adult males, but not adult females, changed significantly over time and followed an apparently seasonal pattern in which their condition was poorest in winter and best in summer. While many of the life-history traits of the Chariup population were similar to those of other south-western Australian populations of T. v. hypoleucus, the most striking variations included age at maturity, extent of spring breeding pulse and female fecundity. Further comparisons with conspecifics elsewhere in Australia and New Zealand also highlight the variability exhibited by T. vulpecula across its range. Some aspects of the biology of T. v. hypoleucus were particularly similar to those observed for T. v. arnhemensis in northern Australia.

Assessing Genetic Diversity of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) in North America with Microsatellites

Weed Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey A. Bodo Slotta ◽  
Michael E. Foley ◽  
Shaioman Chao ◽  
Ruth A. Hufbauer ◽  
David P. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Distance Analysis

Invasive species such as Canada thistle pose a significant threat to ecosystems. The risk of introducing invasive species has increased with human activities, and the effects of such events have economic and aesthetic impacts. Native to Europe, Canada thistle is now established throughout temperate North America. Although there is documentation of early occurrences to North America, little is known on how it has become established in diverse habitats or how it continues to spread. We examined genetic diversity within and among nearly 1,700 Canada thistle individuals from 85 North American locations with the use of seven microsatellite markers in order to address these questions. PAUP and STRUCTURE programs were used to assess genetic diversity and relationships within and between populations. Populations exhibited greater within-population diversity (> 60%) than expected for a reported clonally reproducing species. Total diversity of sampled locations in North America (0.183) was less than previously reported for European locations (0.715), but the greater mean difference between North American populations (0.264 relative to 0.246 from England) suggests strong founder effects or restriction of gene flow influencing individual populations. Furthermore, analyses identified numerous instances where individuals from geographically distant regions clustered together, indicating long-distance translocation of propogules. However, isolation by distance analysis showed significant correlation between location and population genetic distances (r = 0.1917, P = 0.006). Within populations, nearly 92% of individuals sampled harbored unique multilocus genotypes, strongly suggesting that sexual reproduction is common. Within populations, analysis of genetic structure indicated significant admixture of genotypes throughout the invasive range in North America. The recurrent distribution of seed throughout North America has led to a highly diverse gene pool and increased the adaptive success Canada thistle to a wide variety of habitats. Future technologies developed for control of Canada thistle should consider this diversity.

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