An Algal Diet Accelerates Larval Growth of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) and Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Tuno ◽  
A Kohzu ◽  
I Tayasu ◽  
T Nakayama ◽  
A Githeko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Algal Diet

The missing links: larval and post-larval development of the ascoglossan opisthobranch Elysia viridis

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia D. Trowbridge
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Shell Length ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Codium Fragile ◽  
Planktotrophic Larvae ◽  
Algal Diet ◽  
Better Than

The stenophagous ascoglossan (=sacoglossan) opisthobranch Elysia viridis has long been a model organism for the study of endosymbiosis or kleptoplasty as well as one of the few herbivores to consume the introduced green macroalga Codium fragile on European shores. Larval and post-larval dynamics of the ascoglossan were investigated. Planktotrophic larvae of E. viridis grew at 5–10 μm d−1 (shell length) at 15°C on a unicellular algal diet (the cryptophyte Rhodomonas baltica); larvae became competent one month post-hatching. Effective feeding and chloroplast acquisition typically started within 2–3 d of metamorphosis. Slugs grew about 8 mm in the first month of post-larval life. During this period, juveniles held in the light did not grow faster or survive better than conspecifics held in the dark; thus, functional kleptoplasty did not occur during first three weeks of benthic life. While larval growth rates and the nature of metamorphic cues are consistent with those of many other opisthobranch species with planktotrophic larvae, measures of post-larval growth—particularly as it pertains to kleptoplasty—is a new contribution to opisthobranch biology.

scholarly journals Single blinded semi-field evaluation of MAÏA® topical repellent ointment compared to unformulated 20% DEET against Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Mbuba ◽  
Olukayode G. Odufuwa ◽  
Frank C. Tenywa ◽  
Rose Philipo ◽  
Mgeni M. Tambwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Regular User

Abstract Background N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) topical mosquito repellents are effective personal protection tools. However, DEET-based repellents tend to have low consumer acceptability because they are cosmetically unappealing. More attractive formulations are needed to encourage regular user compliance. This study evaluated the protective efficacy and protection duration of a new topical repellent ointment containing 15% DEET, MAÏA® compared to 20% DEET in ethanol using malaria and dengue mosquito vectors in Bagamoyo Tanzania. Methods Fully balanced 3 × 3 Latin square design studies were conducted in large semi-field chambers using laboratory strains of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti. Human volunteers applied either MAÏA® ointment, 20% DEET or ethanol to their lower limbs 6 h before the start of tests. Approximately 100 mosquitoes per strain per replicate were released inside each chamber, with 25 mosquitoes released at regular intervals during the collection period to maintain adequate biting pressure throughout the test. Volunteers recaptured mosquitoes landing on their lower limbs for 6 h over a period of 6 to 12-h post-application of repellents. Data analysis was conducted using mixed-effects logistic regression. Results The protective efficacy of MAÏA® and 20% DEET was not statistically different for each of the mosquito strains: 95.9% vs. 97.4% against An. gambiae (OR = 1.53 [95% CI 0.93–2.51] p = 0.091); 96.8% vs 97.2% against An. arabiensis (OR = 1.08 [95% CI 0.66–1.77] p = 0.757); 93.1% vs 94.6% against Ae. aegypti (OR = 0.76 [95% CI 0.20–2.80] p = 0.675). Average complete protection time (CPT) in minutes of MAÏA® and that of DEET was similar for each of the mosquito strains: 571.6 min (95% CI 558.3–584.8) vs 575.0 min (95% CI 562.1–587.9) against An. gambiae; 585.6 min (95% CI 571.4–599.8) vs 580.9 min (95% CI 571.1–590.7) against An. arabiensis; 444.1 min (95% CI 401.8–486.5) vs 436.9 min (95% CI 405.2–468.5) against Ae. aegypti. Conclusions MAÏA® repellent ointment provides complete protection for 9 h against both An. gambiae and An. arabiensis, and 7 h against Ae. aegypti similar to 20% DEET (in ethanol). MAÏA® repellent ointment can be recommended as a tool for prevention against outdoor biting mosquitoes in tropical locations where the majority of the people spend an ample time outdoor before going to bed.

scholarly journals Analysis of genetic variability in Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae using microsatellite loci

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kamau ◽  
W. R. Mukabana ◽  
W. A. Hawley ◽  
T. Lehmann ◽  
L. W. Irungu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis

scholarly journals Rapid high throughput SYBR green assay for identifying the malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. e0215669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Chabi ◽  
Arjen Van’t Hof ◽  
Louis K. N’dri ◽  
Alex Datsomor ◽  
Dora Okyere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Sybr Green ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.S ◽  
Sybr Green Assay

scholarly journals Publisher Correction: Introgression of a synthetic sex ratio distortion system from Anopheles gambiae into Anopheles arabiensis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Bernardini ◽  
Antonios Kriezis ◽  
Roberto Galizi ◽  
Tony Nolan ◽  
Andrea Crisanti
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Ratio Distortion ◽  
Sex Ratio Distortion

scholarly journals Monooxygenase Levels and Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Allele Frequencies in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis in Kenya

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Chen ◽  
A. K. Githeko ◽  
J. I. Githure ◽  
J. Mutunga ◽  
G. Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Knockdown Resistance

scholarly journals Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis population densities and infectivity in Kopere village, Western Kenya

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (08) ◽  
pp. 637-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ambogo Obala ◽  
Helen L Kutima ◽  
Henry D.N. Nyamogoba ◽  
Anne W Mwangi ◽  
Chrispinus J Simiyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Endemic Malaria ◽  
Vector Mosquito

Introduction: This study was conducted in a sugar belt region of western Kenya interfacing epidemic and endemic malaria transmission. We investigated Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (ss) and Anopheles arabiensis species compositions and densities, human host choice, and infectivity. Methodology: Mosquitoes were captured using pyrethrum spray catch technique and first identified based on morphology; species were confirmed by PCR. Blood meal preference and sporozoite rates were determined by ELISA. Parity rates and entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were determined. Seasonal densities were compared against environmental temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall. Results: In total 2,426 An. gambiae were collected.  Out of 1,687 female blood-fed mosquitoes, 272 were randomly selected for entomological tests. An. gambiae ss and An. arabiensis comprised 75% (205/272) and 25% (68/272) of the selection, respectively. An. gambiae ss had higher preference for human blood (97%; n=263/272) compared with An. arabiensis, which mostly fed on bovines (88%; n=239/272).  The sporozoite and parity rates were 6% (16/272) and 66% (179/272) for An. gambiae ss and 2% (4/272) and 53% (144/272) for An. arabiensis respectively, while EIR was 0.78 infective bites/person/night.  Climate (ANOVA; F=14.2; DF=23) and temperature alone (r=0.626; t=3.75; p=0.001) were significantly correlated with vector densities. Conclusion: An. gambiae ss are the most efficient malaria vector mosquito species in Kopere village. Because An. gambiae ss largely rests and feeds indoors, use of indoor residual spray and insecticide-treated nets is likely the most suitable approach to malaria vector control in Kopere village and other parts of Kenya where this species is abundant. 

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