Role of Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Coquillettidia perturbans (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Transmission Cycle of Cache Valley Virus (Bunyaviridae: Bunyavirus) in the Midwest, U.S.A.

Experiments were conducted to examine the dynamics of Cache Valley virus in Culiseta inornata, the probable chief vector of the virus. Of about 1500 laboratory reared C. inornata exposed to viraemic suckling mice, 72 took a blood meal. A relatively high percentage (93%) of the latter mosquitoes became infected. The virus increased more than 100-fold in the experimentally infected mosquitoes. The increasing viral titres were noticed after 7 days and after 15 days. Peak titres averaged 105.0 (mean suckling mouse intracerebral lethal dose) SMICLD50/0.02 mL. The infected mosquitoes had peak titres until at least 35 days after the mosquitoes ingested blood from infected suckling mice. A single transmission of virus by bite occurred 30 days after the viraemic blood meal. Transovarial transmission was demonstrated. In two experiments, 3.3 and 2.9% of infected mosquitoes transovarially transmitted Cache Valley virus to both male and female progeny. The minimum infection rate for the progeny was 2.05/1000 mosquitoes. This is the first reported experimental demonstration of transovarian transmission in a species of mosquito which overwinters as an adult. The role of transovarian transmission in the natural maintenance of Cache Valley virus remains undetermined.

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Role of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Cache Valley Virus Lineage Displacement, New York, USA

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3201/eid2802.203810 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Constentin Dieme ◽

Kiet A. Ngo ◽

Shaun Tyler ◽

Joseph G. Maffei ◽

Steven D. Zink ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Cache Valley Virus ◽

Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽

Cache Valley

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Second Human Case of Cache Valley Virus Disease

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3201/eid1205.051625 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 854-856 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Grant L. Campbell ◽

James D. Mataczynski ◽

Erik S. Reisdorf ◽

James W. Powell ◽

Denise A. Martin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Disease ◽

Human Case ◽

Cache Valley Virus ◽

Cache Valley

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Cache Valley virus: isolations from mosquitoes in Saskatchewan, 1972–1974

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m79-110 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 760-764 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. O. Iversen ◽

R. J. Wagner ◽

M. K. Leung ◽

L. B. Hayles ◽

J. R. McLintock

Keyword(s):

Infection Rate ◽

Culex Tarsalis ◽

Cache Valley Virus ◽

Cache Valley ◽

Culiseta Inornata ◽

Minimum Vector

Eighteen isolations of Cache Valley virus (Bunyaviridae) were obtained from a total of 113 694 mosquitoes collected in Saskatchewan during the summers of 1972 to 1974. Most of the isolations were from mosquitoes collected during August. Culiseta inornata, the most abundant mosquito (38% of total collected), had the highest minimum vector-infection rate (0.83 isolations per 1000 mosquitoes). The virus was also isolated from Culex tarsalis and Aedes texans. It is indicated in the isolations that the prairie grasslands of the province are enzootic for Cache Valley virus.

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First Report of Canine Infection by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in the Brazilian Amazon

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17228488 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (22) ◽

pp. 8488

Author(s):

Francisco J. A. Santos ◽

Luciana C. S. Nascimento ◽

Wellington B. Silva ◽

Luciana P. Oliveira ◽

Walter S. Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leishmania Infantum ◽

Blood Collection ◽

Wild Mammals ◽

First Report ◽

Transmission Cycle ◽

First Choice ◽

Human Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Spp ◽

Canine Infection

The American cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are zooanthroponoses transmitted by sand flies. Brazil records thousands of human leishmaniasis cases annually. Dogs are reservoirs of Leishmania infantum, which causes VL, but their role in the transmission cycle of CL is debatable. Wild mammals are considered reservoirs of the aetiological agents of CL (Leishmania spp.). Objective: To describe the aetiology of leishmaniasis in dogs in an endemic area for CL and VL in the Amazon, Brazil. Methods: Clinical evaluation and blood collection of 40 dogs from the villages Ubim (20) and Socorro (20), city of Tomé-Açu, state of Pará, were carried out. The DNA extracted from the blood was used for PCR with Leishmania-specific primers targeting the hsp70-234 gene sequence. Products were sequenced (ABI3500XL), and the sequences were aligned, edited (BioEdit), and analyzed (Blastn). Results: Of the 34 amplified samples, 21 were sequenced, namely Leishmania infantum (12), L. guyanensis (5), L. braziliensis (3), and Leishmania sp. (01). Conclusion: Given the diversity of circulating pathogens, elucidation of the role of the dog in the Leishmania spp. cycle in Amazonian villages is imperative to the surveillance of CL in the region. We present the first report in Brazil, confirmed by sequencing, of canine infection by L. guyanensis, a species highly resistant to treatment in humans, with the drug of first choice (Glucantime®).

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What is the role of small rodents in the transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida Trypanosomatidae)? A study case in the Brazilian Pantanal

Acta Tropica ◽

10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.02.006 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 111 (2) ◽

pp. 102-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

V. Rademaker ◽

H.M. Herrera ◽

T.R. Raffel ◽

P.S. D’Andrea ◽

T.P.T. Freitas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽

Trypanosoma Evansi ◽

Small Rodents ◽

Transmission Cycle ◽

Study Case ◽

Brazilian Pantanal

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A novel cause of chronic viral meningoencephalitis: Cache Valley virus

Annals of Neurology ◽

10.1002/ana.24982 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 105-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Michael R. Wilson ◽

Dan Suan ◽

Andrew Duggins ◽

Ryan D. Schubert ◽

Lillian M. Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cache Valley Virus ◽

Cache Valley

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Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) naturally infecting introduced European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in northern Patagonia: phenotype, prevalence and potential risk

Acta Parasitologica ◽

10.1515/ap-2015-0076 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Pablo F. Cuervo ◽

Sophia Di Cataldo ◽

M. Cecilia Fantozzi ◽

Erika Deis ◽

Gabriela Diaz Isenrath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Fluke ◽

Fasciola Hepatica ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Lepus Europaeus ◽

Trematode Species ◽

Brown Hare ◽

European Brown Hare ◽

Transmission Cycle ◽

Northern Patagonia

AbstractFascioliasis has recently been included in the WHO list of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases. Besides being a major veterinary health problem, fascioliasis has large underdeveloping effects on the human communities affected. Though scarcely considered in fascioliasis epidemiology, it is well recognized that both native and introduced wildlife species may play a significant role as reservoirs of the disease. The objectives are to study the morphological characteristics of Fasciola hepatica adults and eggs in a population of Lepus europaeus, to assess liver fluke prevalence, and to analyze the potential reservoir role of the European brown hare in northern Patagonia, Argentina, where fascioliasis is endemic. Measures of F. hepatica found in L. europaeus from northern Patagonia demonstrate that the liver fluke is able to fully develop in wild hares and to shed normal eggs through their faeces. Egg shedding to the environment is close to the lower limit obtained for pigs, a domestic animal whose epidemiological importance in endemic areas has already been highlighted. The former, combined with the high prevalence found (14.28%), suggest an even more important role in the transmission cycle than previously considered. The results obtained do not only remark the extraordinary plasticity and adaptability of this trematode species to different host species, but also highlight the role of the European brown hare, and other NIS, as reservoirs capable for parasite spillback to domestic and native cycle, representing a potentially important, but hitherto neglected, cause of disease emergence.

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