Cache Valley virus: experimental infection in Culiseta inornata

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C. Corner ◽  
Audrei K. Robertson ◽  
Lance B. Hayles ◽  
John O. Iversen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Experimental Demonstration ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
Cache Valley Virus ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
Cache Valley ◽  
Culiseta Inornata ◽  
Minimum Infection Rate

Experiments were conducted to examine the dynamics of Cache Valley virus in Culiseta inornata, the probable chief vector of the virus. Of about 1500 laboratory reared C. inornata exposed to viraemic suckling mice, 72 took a blood meal. A relatively high percentage (93%) of the latter mosquitoes became infected. The virus increased more than 100-fold in the experimentally infected mosquitoes. The increasing viral titres were noticed after 7 days and after 15 days. Peak titres averaged 105.0 (mean suckling mouse intracerebral lethal dose) SMICLD50/0.02 mL. The infected mosquitoes had peak titres until at least 35 days after the mosquitoes ingested blood from infected suckling mice. A single transmission of virus by bite occurred 30 days after the viraemic blood meal. Transovarial transmission was demonstrated. In two experiments, 3.3 and 2.9% of infected mosquitoes transovarially transmitted Cache Valley virus to both male and female progeny. The minimum infection rate for the progeny was 2.05/1000 mosquitoes. This is the first reported experimental demonstration of transovarian transmission in a species of mosquito which overwinters as an adult. The role of transovarian transmission in the natural maintenance of Cache Valley virus remains undetermined.

Cache Valley virus: isolations from mosquitoes in Saskatchewan, 1972–1974

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 760-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Iversen ◽  
R. J. Wagner ◽  
M. K. Leung ◽  
L. B. Hayles ◽  
J. R. McLintock
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Cache Valley Virus ◽  
Cache Valley ◽  
Culiseta Inornata ◽  
Minimum Vector

Eighteen isolations of Cache Valley virus (Bunyaviridae) were obtained from a total of 113 694 mosquitoes collected in Saskatchewan during the summers of 1972 to 1974. Most of the isolations were from mosquitoes collected during August. Culiseta inornata, the most abundant mosquito (38% of total collected), had the highest minimum vector-infection rate (0.83 isolations per 1000 mosquitoes). The virus was also isolated from Culex tarsalis and Aedes texans. It is indicated in the isolations that the prairie grasslands of the province are enzootic for Cache Valley virus.

scholarly journals Role of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Cache Valley Virus Lineage Displacement, New York, USA

2022 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Constentin Dieme ◽  
Kiet A. Ngo ◽  
Shaun Tyler ◽  
Joseph G. Maffei ◽  
Steven D. Zink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Cache Valley Virus ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Cache Valley

scholarly journals Second Human Case of Cache Valley Virus Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 854-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant L. Campbell ◽  
James D. Mataczynski ◽  
Erik S. Reisdorf ◽  
James W. Powell ◽  
Denise A. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Cache Valley Virus ◽  
Cache Valley

scholarly journals Pneumococcal Surface Protein C Contributes to Sepsis Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in Mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 3077-3080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Iannelli ◽  
Damiana Chiavolini ◽  
Susanna Ricci ◽  
Marco Rinaldo Oggioni ◽  
Gianni Pozzi
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Type 3

ABSTRACT The role of pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC; also called SpsA, CbpA, and Hic) in sepsis by Streptococcus pneumoniae was investigated in a murine infection model. The pspC gene was deleted in strains D39 (type 2) and A66 (type 3), and the mutants were tested by being injected intravenously into mice. The animals infected with the mutant strains showed a significant increase in survival, with the 50% lethal dose up to 250-fold higher than that for the wild type. Our findings indicate that PspC affords a decisive contribution to sepsis development.

Experimental Demonstration of the Role of Anisotropy in Interfacial Pattern Formation

1988 ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
E. Ben-Jacob ◽  
R. Godbey ◽  
Nigel D. Goldenfeld ◽  
J. Koplik ◽  
H. Levine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Experimental Demonstration

The protective role of alpha-lipoic acid on long-term exposure of rats to the combination of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin pesticides

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chidiebere Uchendu ◽  
Suleiman F Ambali ◽  
Joseph O Ayo ◽  
King AN Esievo
Keyword(s):  
Lipoic Acid ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Liver Homogenate ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Group I ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

The study was aimed at evaluating the protective role of α-lipoic acid (ALA) on long-term exposure of rats to the combination of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and deltamethrin (DLT). Forty-two (42) male Wistar rats were divided into 6 exposure groups with 7 animals in each group: (I) soya oil (2 ml kg−1), (II) ALA (60 mg kg−1), (III) DLT (6.25 mg kg−1), (IV) CPF (4.75 mg kg−1), (V) (CPF + DLT) DLT (6.25 mg kg−1) and CPF (4.75 mg kg−1; 1/20th of the previously determined median lethal dose) and (VI) (ALA + CPF + DLT) pretreated with ALA (60 mg kg−1) and then co-exposed to CPF and DLT, 45 min later. The regimens were administered by gavage once daily for a period of 16 weeks. Sera obtained from blood collected at the end of the experimental period were used for the evaluation of serum glucose, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine and the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase. The liver homogenate was used to assay for the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and the concentrations of malondialdehyde, cytokine and tumour necrotic factor α. The result showed that the combination of CPF and DLT resulted in marked alterations of these biochemical parameters in most cases compared to either of the pesticides singly, supplementation with ALA ameliorated these alterations.

scholarly journals Alterations of Plasmin Activity, Plasminogen Levels and Activity of Anti-Plasmins During Endotoxin Shock in Dogs

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Aasen ◽  
M. J. Gallimore ◽  
K. Ohlsson ◽  
E. Amundsen
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Endotoxin Shock ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Plasmin Activity ◽  
Endotoxin Infusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Late Stages

Endotoxin shock was induced in dogs by intravenous infusion of a lethal dose of E. coli endotoxin over a period of 3 hours. Typical changes of cardiovascular parameters were found and evidence of an intravascular clotting process was observed. Spontaneous plasmin activity and “immediate” and “time dependent” antiplasmin activities were determined by means of assays utilizing the chromogenic tripeptide derivative S-2251(Kabi Peptide Research Division, Mölndal, Sweden). Levels of plasminogen, α2-macrolobulin (α2-M) , and ai-antitrypsin(α1-AT) were determined immunochemically. During shock, gradually decreasing values of “immediate” antiplasmin and α2M were observed. During the late stages of shock “immediate” antiplasmin was found to be reduced by up to 89 per cent and α2M up to 50 per cent of pre endotoxin infusion values. A less marked lowering of “time dependent” antiplasmin and α1-AT also occurred during shock. These changes of plasma antiplasmins were accompanied by decreasing values of plasminogen and evidence of plasmin activity. These findings indicate that plasminogen is converted to plasmin during endotoxin shock and emphasize the role of antiplasmins in the pathophysiology of endotoxin shock.

Diuresis in Mosquitoes: Role of a Natriuretic Factor

Physiology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Beyenbach ◽  
DH Petzel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Natriuretic Factor

When a mosquito takes in a blood meal that is twice its body weight, flying and easy maneuvering become a problem. To get rid of the extra water, the mosquito produces a copious flow of urine that begins even before the meal has been completed. How is this diuresis controlled?

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