Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree ◽  
Sheila A. M. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Processing Theory ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Threat To Life

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a fear and stress disorder that may develop after an event that is experienced or witnessed and involves actual or perceived threat to life or physical integrity to oneself or a loved one. This chapter discusses the characteristics of the disorder and explains both prolonged exposure (PE) therapy and Emotional Processing Theory. Readers will learn about the benefits and risks of the treatment as well as what is involved. The main tools of this therapy program, imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure, are presented.

Foundations of Prolonged Exposure

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree ◽  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Sheila A. M. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Imaginal Exposure

Foundations of prolonged exposure (PE) include (1) education about common reactions to trauma, what maintains trauma-related symptoms, and how PE reduces posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms; (2) repeated in vivo confrontation with situations, people, or objects that the patient is avoiding because they are trauma-related and cause emotional distress such as anxiety, shame, or guilt; and (3) repeated, prolonged imaginal exposure to the trauma memories followed by processing the details of the event, the emotions, and the thoughts that the patient experienced during the trauma. The aim of in vivo and imaginal exposure is to enhance emotional processing of traumatic events by helping the patient face the trauma memories and reminders and process the emotions and thoughts, as well as the details of the trauma that emerge during revisiting experiences.

Overview

2008 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Kelly R. Chrestman ◽  
Eva Gilboa-Schechtman ◽  
Edna B. Foa
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Treatment Program ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Exposure Therapy ◽  
Processing Theory ◽  
Prolonged Exposure Therapy

Chapter 1 presents an overview of the treatment program, and explores what posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is, what prolonged exposure therapy for adolescents (PE-A) entails, emotional processing theory, and outlines the treatment program's structure.

Introduction

2007 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Treatment Program ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Processing Theory

Chapter 1 introduces and defines Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Prolonged Exposure (PE) Therapy, and Emotional Processing Theory, along with a background to the development of the PE treatment program, its risks and benefits, alternative treatments, the role of medications, and an outline of the program and its structure.

Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments: Prolonged Exposure

2012 ◽  
pp. 426-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Nayak ◽  
Mark B. Powers ◽  
Edna B. Foa
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Program ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Processing Theory ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

A large body of evidence supports the efficacy of exposure therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter discusses Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy, a structured treatment program that uses imaginal and in vivo exposure as the core elements of treatment. It was first applied with survivors of sexual assault but has since been widely applied to survivors of all types of traumas. The chapter provides a description of the treatment program. It also discusses emotional processing theory and proposed underlying mechanisms of the therapy, including fear activation, habituation, and modification of dysfunctional beliefs. The chapter then reviews empirical studies, which have demonstrated the efficacy of PE, and data that support the generalizability of positive outcomes across trauma types, treatment settings, and cultures. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed.

Exposure in PE-IOP

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-88
Author(s):  
Sheila A. M. Rauch ◽  
Barbara O. Rothbaum ◽  
Erin R. Smith ◽  
Edna B. Foa
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Exposure Session ◽  
Outpatient Program ◽  
Intensive Outpatient Program ◽  
Intensive Outpatient ◽  
The Individual

This chapter presents in-depth details of how to implement the exposure component of the Prolonged Exposure-Intensive Outpatient Program (PE-IOP), including places where variation is acceptable and why. The authors present the logistics and rationale for individual sessions that include imaginal exposure and individualized trauma emotional processing. In addition, the authors present in vivo group exposure session logistics and rationale. The in vivo group includes the general psychoeducation components of PE, the in vivo exposure hierarchy creation, and the practice of in vivo exposure. The exposures may occur in a group or individually, escorted or non-escorted, as clinically indicated for the individual patient.

Variations and How to Decide

2020 ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Sheila A. M. Rauch ◽  
Barbara O. Rothbaum ◽  
Erin R. Smith ◽  
Edna B. Foa
Keyword(s):  
Program Design ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Imaginal Exposure ◽  
Outpatient Program ◽  
Intensive Outpatient Program ◽  
Intensive Outpatient

This therapist guide presents the scaffold and structure for the Prolonged Exposure-Intensive Outpatient Program (PE-IOP). The program is focused on exposure as provided through individual imaginal exposure and group in vivo exposure. The format presented is based primarily on the model used in the Emory Healthcare Veterans Program (EHVP), but this chapter provides a focus on the most common variations in program design with a discussion of how to decide between the different potential variations. Relevant inclusions and exclusions are presented along with rationales.

FC25-01 - Effects of additional exposure to psychoeducation and relaxation in acute stress disorder

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1953-1953
Author(s):  
G. Sartory
Keyword(s):  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Acute Stress Disorder ◽  
Progressive Relaxation ◽  
Trauma Network ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Supportive Counseling

IntroductionMeta-analytic studies found exposure to be the most effective treatment in PTSD. Results are less clear with regard to acute stress disorder.ObjectivesTo evaluate the additional effect of exposure therapy to supportive counseling.AimsThe assessment of subjective measures and the heart-rate (HR) response to trauma reminders in the two treatment conditions.MethodsForty recent trauma victims with acute stress disorder were randomly assigned to three sessions of either prolonged exposure (PE) or supportive counseling (SC) with both groups also receiving psychoeducation and progressive relaxation. PE was administered imaginal and in vivo, both being therapist-assisted. Assessments were carried out before and after treatment and again after three months. Patients were shown ideosyncratic trauma-related pictures and autonomic responses assessed. Four years later, patients were asked by telephone whether they had required further treatment.ResultsThere were no significant group differences with regard to symptomatic improvement at the end of treatment. Before treatment both groups showed HR acceleration to trauma-related pictures. After treatment the PE group showed attenuation of the HR-response and a reduction of spontaneous skin conductance fluctuations (SF) whereas the SC group showed a decelerative (orienting) HR response and an increase in SF. Over the next four years 43% of the SC group and and 9% of the PE group required further treatment.ConclusionThe data show that SC, unlike PE, fails to attenuate autonomic responses to trauma-related stimuli suggesting that the former treatment fails to reorganize the trauma network.

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