The Special Senses: Vision, Audition, &amp; Olfaction

Semicircular Canals ◽

Case Histories ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Visual Field Deficits ◽

Specific Disorders ◽

This chapter focuses on learning about the anatomical elements that make up the processes of vision, audition, and olfaction. Instructions are provided on how to draw the eye, aqueous humor, visual pathways, the ear, semicircular canals, and the olfactory system. Also provided are the mechanics of focusing light, optic refraction, light detection, and phototransduction and signs for recognizing retina histology, visual field deficits, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Finally, case histories of specific disorders are presented along with discussion of the elements involved in making the diagnosis.

Argon laser irradiation of the semicircular canal in two patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1258/002221502760238046 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 116 (9) ◽

pp. 723-725 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yasuya Nomura

Keyword(s):

Laser Irradiation ◽

Semicircular Canals ◽

Argon Laser ◽

Laser Device ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Long Term Follow Up ◽

The results of long-term follow-up after surgical treatment of two patients with intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo are reported. Argon laser irradiation of the blue-lined posterior and lateral semicircular canals in one patient, and of only the posterior canal in the other was performed seven and six years ago, respectively. Argon laser irradiation was carried out 10 times in succession three mm along the canal to occlude it. The power applied each time was 1.5.W on the dial of the laser device for 0.5.sec. Relief of vertigo was noted on the second post-irradiation day. There has been no recurrence of vertigo in these patients.

Persistent Upbeat Positional Nystagmus in a Patient with Bilateral Posterior Canal Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Case Reports in Otolaryngology ◽

10.1155/2019/4281641 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Akihide Ichimura ◽

Shigeto Itani

Keyword(s):

Supine Position ◽

Semicircular Canals ◽

Downbeat Nystagmus ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Head Roll ◽

The Right ◽

Upbeat Nystagmus ◽

Torsional Nystagmus ◽

Here, we report a patient with persistent positional upbeat nystagmus in a straight supine position with no evident abnormal central nervous system findings. A 43-year-old woman with rotatory positional vertigo and nausea visited our clinic 7 days after the onset. Initially, we observed persistent upbeat nystagmus in straight supine position with a latency of 2 s during the supine head roll test. However, an upbeat nystagmus disappeared on turning from straight to the left ear-down supine position, and while turning from the left to right ear-down position, an induced slight torsional nystagmus towards the right for >22 s was observed. In the Dix–Hallpike test, the left head-hanging position provoked torsional nystagmus towards the right for 50 s. In prone seated position, downbeat nystagmus with torsional component towards the left was observed for 45 s. Neurological examination and brain computed tomography revealed no abnormal findings. We speculated that persistent positional upbeat nystagmus in this patient was the result of canalolithiasis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo of bilateral posterior semicircular canals.

Diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in Emergency Department: Our experience

Audiology Research ◽

10.4081/audiores.2020.232 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elisabetta Cristiano ◽

Vincenzo Marcelli ◽

Antonio Giannone ◽

Stefania De Luca ◽

Flavia Oliva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Semicircular Canals ◽

Medical Personnel ◽

Head Movements ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Training Activities ◽

Peripheral Vertigo ◽

Observation Period ◽

The Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) represents the first cause of peripheral vertigo in populations and it is determined by a displacement of otoconial fragments within the semicircular canals. Following the patient’s head movements, these fragments, moving by inertia, incorrectly stimulate the canals generating vertigo. The BPPV is diagnosable by observing the nystagmus that is generated in the patient following the Dix-Hallpike maneuver used for BPPV diagnosis of vertical semi-circular canal, and, following the supine head yaw test used for lateral semi-circular canal. Correctly identifying the origin of this specific peripheral vertigo, would mean to obtain a faster diagnosis and an immediate resolution of the problem for the patient. In this context, this study aims to identify precise training activities, aimed at the application of specific diagnostic maneuverers for algorithm decisions in support of medical personnel. The evaluations reported in this study refer to the data collected in the Emergency Department of the Cardarelli Hospital of Naples. The results obtained, over a six-month observation period, highlighted the advantages of the proposed procedures in terms of costs, time and number of BPPV diagnoses.

Effect of vitamin D levels in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20212355 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shweta Sawant ◽

Taranath Nandini ◽

Rajashree Partabad

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Semicircular Canals ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

High Rate ◽

Common Cause ◽

Rehabilitation Therapy ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Background: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common cause of disabling vertigo with a high rate of recurrence. BPPV is the most common cause of neurotological disorder. It is caused by dislodged otoconia which fall from the utricular macula and float into the semicircular canals there by making them sensitive to gravity. It has been shown that elderly people may suffer from unrecognized, chronic BPPV. Patients with unrecognized BPPV were more likely to have reduced activity of daily living scores, to have sustained a fall in the previous 3 months and to have depression.Methods: A prospective study of 100 patients with clinical diagnosis of BPPV visiting Navodaya medical college and hospital between June 2019 to May 2020 were included in the study.Results: Patients taking both vitamin D supplementation and rehabilitation therapy improved better than patients taking rehabilitation therapy alone.Conclusions: Both rehabilitation therapy and supplementation of vitamin D is helpful in patients with vitamin D deficient BPPV patients.

Use of Vestibular Rehabilitation in the Treatment of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups ◽

10.1044/2020_persp-19-00169 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 917-939

Author(s):

Richard A. Clendaniel

Keyword(s):

Semicircular Canal ◽

Semicircular Canals ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Positional Nystagmus ◽

Test Procedures ◽

Horizontal Semicircular Canal ◽

Treatment Techniques ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Purpose The purposes of this article are (a) to describe the different test procedures for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and (b) to provide guidance for the treatment of the various forms of BPPV and to discuss the efficacy of the different interventions. Conclusions While BPPV primarily occurs in the posterior semicircular canal, it is also seen in the anterior and horizontal semicircular canals. There are distinctive patterns of nystagmus that help identify the affected semicircular canal and to differentiate between cupulolithiasis and canalithiasis forms of BPPV. There is reasonable evidence to support the different treatments for both posterior and horizontal semicircular canal BPPV. Anterior semicircular canal BPPV is rare, and as a consequence, there is little evidence to support the various treatment techniques. Finally, while BPPV is generally easy to identify, there are central causes of positional nystagmus with and without vertigo, which can complicate the diagnosis of BPPV. The signs and symptoms of BPPV are contrasted with those of the central causes of positional nystagmus.

Bedside provocation and liberation maneuvers in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Clinical and Translational Neuroscience ◽

10.1177/2514183x19881892 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 2514183X1988189

Author(s):

Dominik Straumann ◽

Thomas Brandt

Keyword(s):

Semicircular Canals ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Highly Effective ◽

Practical Recommendations ◽

In the majority of cases, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) originates from the posterior or horizontal semicircular canals. If performed correctly, the maneuvers that diagnose or treat canalolithiasis or cupulolithiasis are highly effective. This article describes the provocation (i.e. diagnostic) and liberation (i.e. therapeutic) maneuvers to be applied in patients with BPPV. The step-by-step descriptions of the maneuvers are supplemented by practical recommendations.

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo due to a Simultaneous Involvement of both Horizontal and Posterior Semicircular Canals

Audiology and Neurotology ◽

10.1159/000091892 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 198-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Takao Imai ◽

Noriaki Takeda ◽

Mahito Ito ◽

Koji Nakamae ◽

Hideki Sakae ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Semicircular Canals ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Experimental model of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with biphasic nystagmus using isolated semicircular canals

Acta Oto-Laryngologica ◽

10.1080/00016489.2016.1217560 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 137 (1) ◽

pp. 53-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Masanori Yatomi ◽

Yasuo Ogawa ◽

Mamoru Suzuki ◽

Koji Otsuka ◽

Taro Inagaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Model ◽

Semicircular Canals ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Current knowledge in the diagnostics and treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0010.7504 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 28-38

Author(s):

Stanisław Bień

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Semicircular Canals ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Balance System ◽

Gravity Forces ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Key Issues ◽

Selection Of ◽

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is the most common disorder of the peripheral part of the balance system. BPPV is caused by fragments of damaged utricular otolithic membrane which, when displaced into the membranous semicircular canals, or stuck to the cupula, are responsible for incorrect cupula movements due to gravity forces when the position of the head is being changed. The principles of diagnosis and treatment are focused on BPPV with canal pathology localized within the posterior semicircular canal; however, BPPV may also be due to a lateral and, less commonly, an anterior canal pathology which requires different diagnostic methods and treatment. The clinical presentation of BPPV may also be distorted due to its coexistence with other diseases of the balance system; this, however, does not exclude the treatment being targeted at BPPV. The treatment of BPPV is based on reposition maneuvers, selected and correctly applied in accordance to the canal location, so as to relocate otolithic debris back to the utriculus. As a complementary treatment of BPPV, vestibular rehabilitation, psychology support and rarely surgery are taken into consideration. Although the immediate efficacy of BPPV treatment is high, recurrences may occur quite often. BPPV may also be a self-limiting disease, making it difficult to evaluate the efficacy of treatment. The key issues in clinical practice include the correct criteria of BPPV definition, the extent of diagnostic methods required, and appropriate selection of treatment methods. The paper presents a review of current recommendations in this matter.

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): History, Pathophysiology, Office Treatment and Future Directions

International Journal of Otolaryngology ◽

10.1155/2011/835671 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Jeremy Hornibrook

Keyword(s):

Wide Spectrum ◽

Semicircular Canals ◽

The Elderly ◽

Future Directions ◽

Diagnostic Strategies ◽

Treatment Techniques ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Central Pathology ◽

BPPV is the most common cause of vertigo. It most often occurs spontaneously in the 50 to 70 year age group. In younger individuals it is the commonest cause of vertigo following head injury. There is a wide spectrum of severity from inconsistent positional vertigo to continuous vertigo provoked by any head movement. It is likely to be a cause of falls and other morbidity in the elderly. Misdiagnosis can result in unnecessary tests. The cardinal features and a diagnostic test were clarified in 1952 by Dix and Hallpike. Subsequently, it has been established that the symptoms are attributable to detached otoconia in any of the semicircular canals. BPPV symptoms can resolve spontaneously but can last for days, weeks, months, and years. Unusual patterns of nystagmus and nonrepsonse to treatment may suggest central pathology. Diagnostic strategies and the simplest “office” treatment techniques are described. Future directions for research are discussed.