Environmental Sampling and Exposure Assessment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton Lippmann ◽  
Richard B. Schlesinger
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Environmental Sampling ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Environmental Media ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
General Populations

This chapter describes the characterization of occupational exposures of workers to chemicals at their job sites, and exposures of general populations to chemicals in the environmental for individuals and population groups. It also discusses: approaches to risk assessment; the determination of whether exposures exceed established exposure limits or standards; and the methodologies used to determine and/or model the concentrations of chemicals in environmental media that are used to determine the nature and extent of exposures, and of biomarkers of exposure, to individuals and populations of humans and other receptors.

Risk Assessment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton Lippmann ◽  
Richard B. Schlesinger
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Special Interest Groups ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Control Technologies

This chapter describes the characterization of risk and the application of risk assessment methodologies by governments, corporations, and special interest groups so as to identify the nature and extent of known and potential risks to public health and welfare from exposure to environmental chemicals. It discusses the nature of risk, including perceived vs. real rick, risk identification and quantification, and risk communication. It reviews the different approaches that may be used in risk assessment and provides specific applications of risk analysis, including the setting of exposure limits and/or emission limits and the specification of control technologies to reduce emissions of chemicals.

Exposure Assessment of Taste and Odor Standards Used in the Method of Flavor Profile Analysis

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 209-215
Author(s):  
Linda Schweitzer ◽  
I. H. (Mel) Suffet
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Threshold Limit Values ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Flavor Profile Analysis ◽  
Flavor Profile

Information on the toxicity of individual chemicals that have been used as known or representative odor standards in the method of Flavor Profile Analysis (FPA) was compiled for an exposure assessment. A full risk assessment was not possible since unit risk values for most of these chemicals do not exist. This study provides a recommendation as to what chemicals can be safely used as known and representative taste and odor standards for the next modification of the Flavor Profile Analysis Standard Method 2170. Excluding any potential odor standard listed as possible or probable carcinogens, there would be no known risk to FPA panelists being exposed to the selected odor reference chemicals at the concentrations used in FPA. Also, the concentrations which panelists are exposed to during an FPA (20 minutes per chemical) are lower than the legal threshold limit values for 8 hour occupational exposures. However, many of the odor reference chemicals have yet to be evaluated for their carcinogenic or noncarcinogenic endpoints. Recommendations are made as to which chemicals should be avoided.

Implications of hormesis for industrial hygiene

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 385-389
Author(s):  
M A Jayjock ◽  
P G Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Toxicological Data

This paper considers hormesis as a valid and potentially valuable alternative hypothesis for low-dose response in the context of occupational health risk assessment. It outlines the current occupational risk assessment paradigm and its use of high-dose toxicological data in setting occupational exposure limits (OELs). This present effort is a call to science to investigate the potential promise of hormesis in providing prima facie experimental evidence for a low-dose threshold of toxic effect to chemical agents. The scientific effort and advancement advised in this piece could also lead to experimentally validated quantitative estimates of the toxic effect extant at occupational exposures in the region of the OEL.

Characterization of Impressed Current Technique to Model Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Abu Zakir Morshed ◽  
Sheikh Shakib ◽  
Tanzim Jahin
Keyword(s):  
Immersion Time ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Engineering Science ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Faraday’S Law ◽  
Current Technique ◽  
Corrosion Cell ◽  
Impressed Current

Corrosion of reinforcement is an important durability concern for the structures exposed to coastal regions. Since corrosion of reinforcement involves long periods of time, impressed current technique is usually used to accelerate the corrosion of reinforcement in laboratories. Characterization of impressed current technique was the main focus of this research,which involved determination of optimum chloride content and minimum immersion time of specimens for which the application of Faraday’s law could be efficient. To obtain optimum chloride content, the electrolytes in the corrosion cell were prepared similar to that of concrete pore solutions. Concrete prisms of 200 mm by 200 mm by 300 mm were used to determine the minimum immersion time for saturation. It was found that the optimum chloride content was 35 gm/L and the minimum immersion time for saturation was 140 hours. Accounting the results, a modified expression based on Faraday’s law was proposed to calculate weight loss due to corrosion. Journal of Engineering Science 11(1), 2020, 93-99

The Determination of Sense via Deleuze and Blanchot: Paradoxes of the Habitual, the Immemorial, and the Eternal Return

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Brently Young
Keyword(s):  
Eternal Return

Eternal return is the paradox that accounts for the interplay between difference and repetition, a dynamic at the heart of Deleuze's philosophy, and Blanchot's approach to this paradox, even and especially through what it elides, further illuminates it. Deleuze draws on Blanchot's characterisations of difference, forgetting, and the unlivable to depict the ‘sense’ produced via eternal return, which, for Blanchot, is where repetition implicates or ‘carries’ pure difference. However, for Deleuze, difference and the unlivable are also developed by the living repetition or ‘contraction’ of habit, which results in his distinctive characterization of ‘force’, ‘levity’, and sense in eternal return.

Methods of risk assessment in forecasting the consequences of accidents at pipeline transport facilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-673
Author(s):  
Vladislav N. Slepnev ◽  
◽  
Alexander F. Maksimenko ◽  
Elena V. Glebova ◽  
Alla Т. Volokhina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Expert Evaluation ◽  
Main Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline Transport ◽  
Forecasting Accuracy ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Expert Evaluation Method

The choice of risk assessment procedure is one of the essential stages of efficient structuring of processes on prevention, localization and elimination of the consequences of accidents at main pipeline transport facilities. The authors analyzed themed publications and regulatory documents, governing procedures of risk assessment and forecasting of the consequences of possible accidents, and defined main problems in this area. Procedure for the risk assessment of accidents at main pipeline facilities was developed, the basis of which is the expert evaluation method. The procedure includes the determination of the main criteria for the assessment the probability of accident initiation and development and the evaluation of the severity of its consequences, an expert evaluation of criteria significance, their classification, and creation of a rating for hazardous pipeline sections. The application of the procedure application allows to specify the list of facilities that require high priority forecasting of accidents consequences, thus to optimize the distribution of resources and the overall increase of efficiency in planning while defining forces and special technical devices, necessary for containment and rectification of emergencies. Expert evaluation method application allows considering the specifics of certain enterprises, their technical and technological peculiarities, thereby increasing forecasting accuracy.

SEM/EDS Characterization of Uncommon Metal Whiskers and Determination of Underlying Growth Mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Basak ◽  
L. H. Ponce
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Whisker Growth ◽  
Innovation Systems ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Crystal Oscillator ◽  
Analysis Laboratory ◽  
Investigative Techniques

Abstract Two case-studies on uncommon metals whiskers, performed at the Reliability Analysis Laboratory (RAL) of Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, are presented. The components analyzed are an Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO) and an Electromechanical Relay. Investigative techniques were used to determine the chemical and physical makeup of the metal whiskers and develop an understanding of the underlying effects and mechanisms that caused the conditions conducive to whisker growth.

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